How Many States Border Iowa? Exploring Iowa’s Neighboring States

Iowa, nestled in the heart of the Midwest, boasts a unique geographical location that makes it a noteworthy state in the United States. While it may be landlocked, Iowa is not isolated from its neighboring states. In fact, this modest state shares its borders with a handful of states, each offering its own beauty and opportunities. In this article, we will delve into the question of how many states border Iowa and explore what each of these neighboring states has to offer. So, if you’re curious to know more about Iowa’s connection with the outside world, join us on this insightful journey through the Hawkeye State’s neighboring landscapes.

Bordering States

When exploring the state of Iowa, it is important to understand its geographical context within the United States. Iowa is bordered by six states, each with unique characteristics that contribute to the region’s identity and societal fabric. By examining the states that directly border Iowa, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of the state’s cultural, economic, and historical dynamics.

Identification of the states that directly border Iowa

Iowa is surrounded by the states of Minnesota to the north, Wisconsin to the northeast, Missouri to the south, Nebraska to the west, South Dakota to the northwest, and Illinois to the east. These neighboring states have played a crucial role in shaping Iowa’s development and continue to have significant interactions with the state.

Map highlighting the neighboring states

A map showcasing Iowa’s neighboring states provides a visual representation of the geographic boundaries. This visual aid allows us to better grasp the spatial relationships and see how the neighboring states converge around Iowa. It also illustrates the various interstate highways and transportation routes that connect Iowa with its surrounding states, facilitating commerce, travel, and communication.

Map of Iowa's neighboring states

Understanding the states that border Iowa is crucial for a range of reasons. Firstly, it provides context for understanding the influences and interactions that have shaped Iowa’s history, economy, and culture. The neighboring states contribute to Iowa’s identity and have resulted in shared traditions, values, and lifestyles.

The bordering states also hold significant economic importance for Iowa. Trade between Iowa and its neighboring states, such as the transportation of agricultural products, fuels the region’s economy. Additionally, the proximity of these states creates opportunities for tourism, as visitors can easily explore the attractions and natural wonders of multiple states in one trip.

Knowledge of Iowa’s neighboring states is also vital for transportation and infrastructure planning. The interstate highways, railroads, and airports that connect Iowa with its bordering states facilitate the movement of goods and people, enabling efficient commerce and travel within the region.

In conclusion, Iowa’s neighboring states are a fundamental part of the state’s history, economy, and culture. By recognizing the states that border Iowa, we can fully comprehend the interconnectedness and significance of these relationships. Through shared resources, cultural exchanges, and transportation links, Iowa and its neighbors have shaped the region to become what it is today.

IGeographical Location

Explanation of Iowa’s geographical location in the Midwest

Iowa, a state located in the Midwest region of the United States, is bordered by several states that play a significant role in its geographic context. Understanding Iowa’s neighboring states is crucial in comprehending its economic, cultural, and historical dynamics.

Iowa is situated in the heart of the Midwest, bordered to the north by Minnesota, to the east by Wisconsin, to the south by Missouri, to the west by Nebraska, and to the northwest by South Dakota. Its favorable geographical position has shaped the state’s development and influenced the states that share its borders.

Factors influencing the states that border Iowa

Several factors have contributed to the states that directly border Iowa. Firstly, its central location within the Midwest and its abundant fertile soil have made Iowa one of the most agriculturally productive states in the nation. This factor, combined with favorable climatic conditions, has attracted agricultural communities to settle in the surrounding areas, consequently influencing and shaping the neighboring states.

Additionally, the establishment of transportation networks such as railroads and interstate highways has facilitated economic connectivity between Iowa and its bordering states. These transportation links have not only enhanced trade relations but have also influenced the development of industries and commerce along the state borders.

Moreover, natural features such as the Mississippi River, which forms parts of Iowa’s eastern and southeastern borders, have played a crucial role in shaping the states that surround Iowa. The river has acted as a trade route, allowing for the exchange of goods, services, and ideas, and has influenced the cultural and economic ties between Iowa and its neighboring states.

Understanding these geographical and historical factors that have influenced the bordering states of Iowa provides insight into the complex interconnectedness and dependencies between them. It sheds light on the shared resources, mutual interests, and historical context that have shaped the relationship between Iowa and its neighbors.

In the following sections, we will delve into each of Iowa’s bordering states to explore their unique characteristics, historical connections, and significant features that contribute to the rich tapestry of the region.

INorthern Border: Minnesota

Minnesota is one of the five states that border Iowa, forming its northern border. The shared border between Iowa and Minnesota stretches for approximately 263 miles. The states are separated by the Mississippi River, which serves as a natural boundary between them.

Along the Iowa-Minnesota border, there are several notable cities and landmarks that have significance for both states. One such city is Dubuque, Iowa, located in the eastern part of the state. It is a major river port and a bustling hub for commerce and tourism. On the Minnesota side, the city of Winona is situated along the border. Winona is known for its picturesque location on the Mississippi River and its historic architecture.

Additionally, the border between Iowa and Minnesota is marked by the Effigy Mounds National Monument, a site that preserves over 200 ancient Native American burial mounds. These mounds hold great historical and cultural value.

Bordering Cities and Towns

Aside from Dubuque and Winona, there are several other towns and cities located along the Iowa-Minnesota border. Some of these include:

  • Hokah, Minnesota
  • Harpers Ferry, Iowa
  • Lansing, Iowa
  • New Albin, Iowa

These towns, although relatively small in population, contribute to the unique character and cultural fabric of the region.

Shared Interests and Collaborations

Due to their close proximity and shared border, Iowa and Minnesota have many mutual interests and collaborations. Trade and commerce between the two states are facilitated by the river transportation on the Mississippi River. The river serves as a vital artery for the movement of goods and commodities.

Furthermore, both Iowa and Minnesota have a rich agricultural heritage. The fertile lands in the border region are utilized for farming, with crops such as corn and soybeans being grown. Agricultural practices and research are often shared between the states to improve productivity and sustainability.

Lastly, tourism is another area where Iowa and Minnesota collaborate. The scenic beauty of the Mississippi River attracts tourists from both states, and efforts are made to promote the region as a tourist destination.

In conclusion, the border between Iowa and Minnesota is not only a geographical division but also a connection point that fosters collaboration, cultural exchange, and economic interaction. Understanding the relationship between Iowa and its neighboring states, such as Minnesota, helps to appreciate the interdependence and shared interests that contribute to the growth and development of the region.

Eastern Border: Wisconsin

Detailing the Iowa-Wisconsin border

The eastern border of Iowa is shared with the neighboring state of Wisconsin. The border between Iowa and Wisconsin stretches approximately 291 miles, forming a significant boundary between the two states. This border is delineated by the Mississippi River, which separates the two states in a natural and picturesque manner.

The border between Iowa and Wisconsin is characterized by a mix of rural landscapes and small towns. The Mississippi River, with its wide expanse and flowing waters, serves as a picturesque backdrop to the border region. The river not only divides the two states but also provides opportunities for various recreational activities such as boating, fishing, and birdwatching.

Mutual interests or connections between the two states

Iowa and Wisconsin share several mutual interests and connections due to their geographical proximity. Both states have a strong agricultural presence, with farming and livestock playing a significant role in their economies. This shared agricultural background creates opportunities for cooperative ventures, knowledge sharing, and trade between the two states.

Additionally, Iowa and Wisconsin have similar outdoor recreation opportunities, with both states boasting beautiful landscapes and natural resources. This commonality promotes tourism and cross-state visits as individuals from Iowa may be drawn to Wisconsin’s natural attractions, such as its national parks and scenic trails.

The educational and cultural ties between Iowa and Wisconsin are also worth noting. Many students from Iowa attend colleges and universities in Wisconsin, and there are often exchange programs and collaborative research projects between institutions in both states. This intellectual exchange fosters a sense of familiarity and cooperation between the two neighboring states.

Furthermore, the friendly rivalry between the sports teams of Iowa and Wisconsin adds a touch of excitement and camaraderie between the states. Whether it is on the football field or the basketball court, residents of Iowa and Wisconsin often cheer for their respective teams, creating a sense of community and shared experiences.

In conclusion, the border between Iowa and Wisconsin holds importance beyond its geographical delineation. The shared interests, connections, and vibrant cultural exchange contribute to the overall relationship between the two states. Understanding the dynamics of this border and the connections between Iowa and Wisconsin is essential for anyone seeking a comprehensive knowledge of Iowa’s neighboring states.

Southern Border: Missouri

The southern border of Iowa is shared with the state of Missouri. This section will explore the various aspects of the Iowa-Missouri border, including the economic, cultural, and historical links between the two states.

Economic Links

Missouri and Iowa have a significant economic relationship due to their shared border. The Mississippi River, which runs along the border, serves as a vital transportation route for both states, facilitating trade and commerce. The ports along the river in both states play a crucial role in transporting goods and products, contributing to the economic development of both regions.

Cultural Connections

There are also cultural connections between Iowa and Missouri. Communities along the border often share similar cultural traditions and values. This can be seen in the shared love for Midwestern cuisine and unique regional festivals and events. The people living in border towns often have strong ties with their neighboring communities, resulting in a rich cultural exchange.

Historical Significance

The Iowa-Missouri border has historical significance, as it played a role in the westward expansion of the United States. During the time of the Lewis and Clark expedition, which aimed to explore and survey the newly acquired territory, both Iowa and Missouri were important points along the journey. Additionally, the border region witnessed significant historical events, such as the Mormon trek across Iowa towards Utah, which left a lasting impact on the history of both states.

Tourism and Recreation

The Iowa-Missouri border also attracts tourists and outdoor enthusiasts with its diverse recreational opportunities. The border region is home to several state parks, natural areas, and wildlife refuges, providing scenic beauty and opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching. It is not uncommon to find nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers exploring the border region between Iowa and Missouri.

In conclusion, the southern border between Iowa and Missouri holds significance in terms of economic, cultural, and historical aspects. Understanding the links between the two states enhances our knowledge of the region and promotes cooperation and collaboration in various sectors. Whether it is through trade, cultural exchange, or exploring the natural beauty of the border region, the connection between Iowa and Missouri continues to shape the development and growth of both states.

Western Border: Nebraska

Discussion of the shared border between Iowa and Nebraska

Nebraska, the western neighbor of Iowa, shares a border that stretches over 300 miles between the two states. This border runs along the Missouri River, forming a natural boundary between the two states. The border is marked by stunning landscapes, including rugged bluffs, river valleys, and fertile plains.

The shared border between Iowa and Nebraska is of great importance, not only from a geographical standpoint but also in terms of their economic and social ties. The Missouri River serves as a vital waterway and transportation route for both states, facilitating trade and commerce.

Similarities or differences in economy or geography

Both Iowa and Nebraska have highly productive agricultural sectors, making them major contributors to the nation’s food production. Iowa, with its vast corn and soybean fields, is often referred to as the “Corn Belt” while Nebraska is known as the “Cornhusker State.” This shared focus on agriculture creates a commonality between the two states and fosters a strong economic relationship.

In terms of geography, while both states have fertile plains, Nebraska also encompasses vast prairies and the unique Sandhills region. Iowa, on the other hand, has a more diverse topography with rolling hills and a greater number of rivers and lakes.

Despite these differences, the agriculture-based economies in both Iowa and Nebraska create shared interests and the opportunity for collaboration and cooperation in terms of trade, research, and technology advancements within the industry.

Furthermore, both states have robust transportation networks, with a network of interstate highways connecting them, allowing for the movement of goods and people. This interconnectedness promotes economic growth and facilitates easy access for tourism and commerce between Iowa and Nebraska.

In conclusion, the shared border between Iowa and Nebraska has significant economic and geographical implications for both states. By understanding the similarities and differences in their economies and geographical features, stakeholders in both states can work collaboratively to enhance trade, tourism, and transportation, thereby strengthening the overall regional and national economy.

Eighth Section: Northwestern Border: South Dakota

Description of the border between Iowa and South Dakota

The northwestern border of Iowa is shared with the state of South Dakota. Spanning approximately 263 miles, this border separates the two states and plays a significant role in shaping their interactions and shared interests.

The boundary between Iowa and South Dakota can be characterized by open plains and agricultural landscapes. As the border extends westward, it follows the Big Sioux River, which serves as a natural divide between the two states. This river not only marks the physical border, but also contributes to the unique geographical features in the region.

Commonalities or interactions between the states

Iowa and South Dakota share commonalities and interactions that are influenced by their close proximity. One notable interaction is the flow of tourism between the two states. South Dakota’s iconic Mount Rushmore, located approximately 130 miles northwest of Iowa’s border, attracts thousands of visitors each year. Many tourists traveling from Iowa choose to pass through South Dakota, contributing to the economic growth of both states.

Furthermore, agricultural trade and collaboration is prevalent between Iowa and South Dakota. Both states have a strong agricultural industry, with Iowa known for its corn and soybean production, and South Dakota recognized for its cattle and wheat farming. This similarity in agricultural focus allows for various trade opportunities, helping to strengthen their economic ties.

In addition, Interstate 29, which runs parallel to the Iowa-South Dakota border, acts as a key transportation route between the two states. This interstate facilitates the movement of goods, services, and people, fostering increased social and economic connections between Iowa and South Dakota.

Overall, the interaction between Iowa and South Dakota is characterized by shared interests in tourism, agriculture, and transportation. The border between these two states serves as a gateway for economic and cultural exchange, highlighting the significance of understanding and recognizing Iowa’s neighboring states.

Geopolitical Significance

Explanation of the Importance of Iowa’s Neighboring States

Understanding the neighboring states of Iowa is crucial in comprehending the geopolitical significance of the state. Iowa’s borders with Minnesota, Wisconsin, Missouri, Nebraska, and South Dakota have a profound impact on various aspects including trade, tourism, and transportation.

Influence on Trade

The neighboring states play a pivotal role in Iowa’s trade industry. The shared borders provide easy access to markets and enable the efficient movement of goods and services. Iowa’s direct access to major markets in Minnesota and Wisconsin allows for the smooth flow of agricultural products, such as corn and soybeans. These states serve as important trading partners, as Iowa exports a significant amount of its agricultural produce to them. Missouri, on the other hand, facilitates the transportation of goods through its well-established transportation network, connecting Iowa to the southern markets.

Promotion of Tourism

The neighboring states also contribute to Iowa’s tourism industry. The proximity of attractions in Minnesota, such as the Mall of America and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, provides opportunities for cross-border tourism. Visitors from Iowa can easily explore the scenic landscapes and cultural offerings of Wisconsin and South Dakota. The varied attractions in Missouri, including the Gateway Arch and Branson’s entertainment scene, attract tourists from Iowa and vice versa. The borders offer a gateway for travelers to experience a diverse range of destinations within a short distance.

Transportation Links

The neighboring states’ transportation infrastructure has a significant impact on Iowa’s connectivity. The interstate highways, such as I-35 and I-80, provide crucial transportation links between Iowa and its bordering states. These highways facilitate the movement of goods and people, contributing to regional integration and economic growth. Additionally, the railroads connecting Iowa and its neighboring states enhance freight transportation, further strengthening trade ties. Airports, such as Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minnesota and Kansas City International Airport in Missouri, serve as major hubs for air travel, providing convenient options for Iowa residents to access domestic and international destinations.

In conclusion, understanding Iowa’s neighboring states is vital in comprehending the state’s geopolitical significance. The trade relationships, promotion of tourism, and transportation links between Iowa and its neighboring states contribute to the economic development, cultural exchange, and regional integration. By recognizing the importance of these interstate connections, we can appreciate the multifaceted impact they have on Iowa’s growth and prosperity.

Interstate Relations

Insight on the relationships Iowa has with its bordering states

Understanding the interstate relations between Iowa and its neighboring states is crucial in comprehending the dynamics and significance of Iowa’s geographical location. This section will provide insight into the relationships Iowa shares with the states bordering it.

Iowa, located in the heart of the Midwest, borders six states: Minnesota to the north, Wisconsin to the northeast, Missouri to the south, Nebraska to the west, South Dakota to the northwest, and Illinois to the southeast. These interstate relationships play a pivotal role in various aspects of Iowa’s economy, culture, and history.

The relationships between Iowa and its neighboring states are characterized by both cooperation and competition. The interdependence among these states has led to numerous interstate agreements, fostering economic development, trade, and tourism. One such example is the Tri-State Development Summit, a collaborative effort among Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri to address common challenges and explore opportunities for regional growth.

Iowa’s relation with bordering states goes beyond economic ties; it also extends to cultural and historical connections. Wisconsin, for instance, shares similarities with Iowa in terms of agricultural heritage, Midwestern values, and the tradition of strong community bonds. Likewise, Iowa’s border with South Dakota is marked by a shared agricultural background and cultural exchanges.

Moreover, interstate relations often involve the sharing of resources and services. Iowa and Nebraska, for instance, have collaborated on water management projects, emphasizing sustainable use of shared water resources, particularly along the Missouri River basin. Additionally, Iowa has established joint public transportation initiatives, such as the Missouri River Runner, a rail service connecting Iowa with Missouri and Illinois.

Transportation plays a vital role in facilitating interstate relations between Iowa and its bordering states. The interstate highway system, including Interstate 35, Interstate 80, and Interstate 29, enables efficient transportation of goods and people across state lines. Railroads, such as the Union Pacific and the Burlington Northern Santa Fe, also facilitate the movement of freight and passengers between Iowa and its neighboring states. Furthermore, airports like Des Moines International Airport serve as important gateways connecting Iowa with other states, both regionally and nationally.

In conclusion, the relationships Iowa has with its bordering states encompass economic, cultural, and historical dimensions. These interstate relations promote collaboration and contribute to the overall development and growth of the region. Understanding the intricate connections Iowa shares with its neighboring states provides valuable insights into the significance of Iowa’s geographical location within the Midwest.

Natural Features

Highlighting Iowa’s Natural Border Elements

In exploring Iowa’s neighboring states, understanding the natural features along its border provides further insight into the state’s geography and its division from surrounding states. This section focuses on the rivers, lakes, and other geographical elements that contribute to the state’s boundaries.

Iowa is bordered by five neighboring states, each with distinctive natural features. The state’s northern border with Minnesota is marked by the Mississippi River, a significant waterway that not only divides the two states but also serves as a vital trade route and contributes to recreational activities such as boating and fishing. The Mississippi River offers picturesque views and is a natural border that showcases the beauty of both Iowa and Minnesota.

Moving eastward, Iowa shares a border with Wisconsin, demarcated by the Mississippi and Wisconsin Rivers. These rivers not only shape the state boundaries but also serve as important water resources in each state. Additionally, the eastern border is dotted with lakes such as Lake Onalaska and Lake Winneshiek, providing both states with opportunities for outdoor recreation and tourism.

To the south, the border between Iowa and Missouri is defined by the Missouri River. This mighty river is not only a natural boundary but also historically significant, serving as a vital trade and transportation route in the past. It continues to play a role in shaping the economy and culture of both states.

The western border between Iowa and Nebraska is marked by the Missouri River as well. This river acts as a scenic natural feature, contributing to the beauty and charm of both states. Additionally, the unique geography along this border includes the distinct Loess Hills, which brings aesthetic appeal and ecological diversity.

Finally, the northwestern border with South Dakota is characterized by the Big Sioux River. This river serves as a vital water resource for both states and contributes to the natural beauty of the region. It offers opportunities for recreational activities such as kayaking and canoeing.

Understanding these natural features provides a deeper appreciation for Iowa’s neighboring states and their connections. Rivers, lakes, and other geographical elements not only contribute to the physical division of states but also influence trade, transportation, tourism, and recreational activities. They are not merely borders but integral parts of the landscapes, linking Iowa to its neighboring states in unique ways.

Overall, Iowa’s natural features along its borders add to the richness and diversity of the state’s geography and strengthen the connections between Iowa and its neighboring states.

Historical Context

Brief historical background on the establishment of Iowa’s borders

Iowa’s borders were defined through a series of historical events and agreements that shaped its neighboring states. Understanding the historical context of Iowa’s borders is important in comprehending the state’s relationship with its surrounding regions.

During the 18th and early 19th centuries, Iowa was part of the vast territory known as French Louisiana. As a result of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States acquired the region from France. Subsequently, the area became part of the Missouri Territory and later the Wisconsin Territory.

The first significant event that influenced Iowa’s borders was the creation of the Michigan Territory in 1805. The territory encompassed a vast area including present-day Iowa. However, due to the unclear boundaries, Iowa became part of the Illinois Territory in 1818.

In 1832, the Black Hawk War, fought between the United States and Native American tribes, played a crucial role in shaping Iowa’s northern border. The conflict resulted in the cession of Native American lands, allowing the establishment of the current boundary with Minnesota.

The southern border of Iowa was determined by the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which aimed to maintain a balance between free and slave states. The compromise designated the southern border of Iowa as the northern boundary of Missouri. This historical agreement solidified the border between Iowa and Missouri.

The western border of Iowa was initially disputed due to conflicting claims between the U.S. government and Native American tribes. Ultimately, in 1851, the U.S. government imposed the Sioux Treaty, which defined the border between Iowa and Nebraska along the Missouri River.

Influential events or agreements that shaped its neighboring states

Several influential events and agreements have shaped the neighboring states of Iowa. These historical factors have contributed to the unique characteristics and relationships between Iowa and its bordering states.

One notable event that shaped the neighboring states of Iowa was the Louisiana Purchase. This historic agreement between the United States and France in 1803 resulted in the acquisition of a vast territory, including present-day Iowa. The Louisiana Purchase laid the foundation for future territorial divisions and state borders in the Midwest.

Another significant agreement that influenced Iowa’s neighboring states was the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The compromise resolved tensions between free and slave states by establishing a geographic boundary line. This agreement, which determined Iowa’s southern border, played a crucial role in shaping the neighboring state of Missouri.

The Black Hawk War of 1832 also had a profound impact on the establishment of Iowa’s neighboring states. As a result of the war, Native American tribes ceded their lands, leading to the creation of a clear boundary between Iowa and Minnesota. This historical event played a key role in shaping the relationship and interactions between these two neighboring states.

Furthermore, the Sioux Treaty of 1851 played a vital role in defining the border between Iowa and Nebraska. This agreement settled long-standing disputes between the U.S. government and Native American tribes, paving the way for the establishment of the current border along the Missouri River. The Sioux Treaty contributed to the distinct characteristics and connections between Iowa and Nebraska.

Overall, understanding the historical background and influential events that shaped Iowa’s neighboring states provides valuable insight into the development of these regions and their ongoing relationships with each other.

Conclusion

Recap of the article’s main points

Throughout this article, we have explored the neighboring states of Iowa and the significance of understanding their relationships. We began with the identification of the states that directly border Iowa and provided a visual representation through a map. Iowa’s geographical location in the Midwest was explained, along with the factors that influenced the states that border it.

Moving on to the specific bordering states, we delved into the shared borders with Minnesota, Wisconsin, Missouri, Nebraska, and South Dakota. Each border was described, highlighting notable cities, landmarks, and any mutual interests or connections between the states.

We then discussed the geopolitical significance of Iowa’s neighboring states, emphasizing their influence on trade, tourism, and transportation. The relationships Iowa has with its bordering states were examined, with a focus on interstate agreements and shared resources.

Natural features along Iowa’s border, such as rivers, lakes, and other geographical elements that contribute to state divisions, were also highlighted. This provided insights into the unique characteristics of each border and how they contribute to the overall landscape.

In a historical context, we briefly explored the establishment of Iowa’s borders and the influential events or agreements that shaped its neighboring states. Understanding this history adds depth to our understanding of the current relationships between Iowa and its neighbors.

Lastly, we discussed transportation links connecting Iowa and its bordering states, including interstate highways, railroads, and airports. These crucial transportation routes facilitate movement and contribute to the economic development and connectivity between the states.

Emphasis on the significance of understanding Iowa’s neighboring states

Understanding Iowa’s neighboring states is essential for various reasons. Firstly, it allows us to appreciate the interconnectedness and interdependence of the Midwest region. Each state affects the others in terms of trade, tourism, and transportation, making it crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of these relationships.

Furthermore, knowledge of the states that border Iowa is important for locals and visitors alike. It helps foster cultural and economic exchanges, allowing for stronger connections and collaborations within the region. Additionally, understanding the historical and geographical context of these borders contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of Iowa’s identity and its place within the United States.

By exploring Iowa’s neighboring states, we develop a broader perspective of the region as a whole. This knowledge can be valuable for individuals, researchers, policymakers, and businesses seeking to engage with Iowa and its surrounding states. Ultimately, understanding Iowa’s neighboring states enriches our understanding of the Midwest and the United States as a whole.

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