In a society where physical violence is largely condemned and discouraged, it may be easy to dismiss a slap as a relatively harmless act. However, as we delve deeper into the topic, questions arise: How much damage can a simple slap actually do? What are the hidden impacts and consequences that may not be immediately apparent? Exploring the impact and consequences of a slap is not only crucial for understanding the severity of such actions, but it also sheds light on the broader issue of physical violence and its effect on individuals and society as a whole.
Often regarded as a lesser form of physical abuse compared to more severe acts, a slap may appear to be fleeting, leaving no lasting mark. And yet, beyond the physical pain that lasts mere moments, the repercussions of a slap can extend far beyond the initial sting. From psychological trauma to long-term emotional distress, the consequences of a slap can be both tangible and intangible, affecting the victim’s well-being and relationships. Therefore, it is vital to delve into this topic, examining the hidden impacts of physical violence and offering insights into a world that often downplays the repercussions of seemingly minor acts.
Physical Impact of a Slap
Immediate pain and discomfort
A slap can cause immediate pain and discomfort for the person on the receiving end. The force of the slap can result in stinging sensations and sharp pain, often leaving the person shocked and disoriented. The sudden impact can also lead to headaches and dizziness. The pain experienced may vary depending on the strength of the slap and the area of the face that was targeted.
Potential bruises and swelling
In addition to the immediate pain, slapping can also result in bruises and swelling. The force of the slap can cause blood vessels to rupture, leading to discoloration of the skin and the formation of bruises. The impact can also result in tissue damage, leading to swelling and inflammation. These visible signs of physical harm can last for several days or even weeks, serving as a constant reminder of the assault.
Risk of injuries and long-term damage
While a slap may seem like a relatively minor act of violence, it carries the risk of causing serious injuries and long-term damage. In some cases, the force of the slap can cause concussions or other head injuries, especially if the person is struck with significant force or against a hard surface. Additionally, repeated slapping over time can lead to chronic pain, joint problems, and even permanent hearing loss if the ears are targeted. It is essential to recognize that even though a slap may not cause visible injuries, the potential for long-term damage should not be underestimated.
Immediate pain and discomfort – A slap causes stinging sensations, sharp pain, headaches, and dizziness.
Potential bruises and swelling – Slapping results in bruises, skin discoloration, tissue damage, swelling, and inflammation.
Risk of injuries and long-term damage – Slapping carries the risk of concussions, head injuries, chronic pain, joint problems, and even permanent hearing loss.
In the next section, we will explore the psychological impact of a slap, shedding light on the emotional trauma, feelings of humiliation and powerlessness, as well as the development of fear, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that can result from such an act of violence.
IPsychological Impact of a Slap
A. Emotional trauma and shock
When a person is slapped, they often experience emotional trauma and shock. The suddenness and unexpectedness of a slap can be deeply distressing, causing the individual to feel overwhelmed and shaken. This emotional trauma can have long-lasting effects on their mental well-being and overall psychological health.
B. Feelings of humiliation and powerlessness
Being slapped can also lead to feelings of humiliation and powerlessness. The act of being physically assaulted in such a way can strip a person of their dignity and make them feel degraded. The victim may experience a loss of self-esteem and self-confidence, as well as a sense of powerlessness and helplessness.
C. Development of fear, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
The psychological impact of a slap can contribute to the development of fear, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The victim may experience heightened levels of fear and anxiety, constantly feeling on edge and afraid of being harmed again. They may also suffer from recurring nightmares and flashbacks of the incident, which are common symptoms of PTSD.
The consequences of the psychological impact of a slap can have far-reaching effects on a person’s daily life. It can affect their ability to trust others, form new relationships, and engage in social activities. The emotional trauma may also manifest in the form of anger, depression, or other mental health disorders. If left untreated, these psychological issues can significantly impair the individual’s quality of life and overall well-being.
It is important to recognize and address the psychological impact of slapping, not only for the immediate aftermath but also for the long-term consequences. Providing support and counseling to victims is crucial in helping them heal from the emotional trauma they have experienced.
By understanding the psychological impact of a slap, society can work towards creating a culture that promotes empathy, respect, and non-violence. Education and awareness campaigns on the effects of slapping can help change societal attitudes and prevent future incidents. Additionally, providing resources and support for victims can aid in their recovery and reduce the likelihood of them becoming trapped in abusive relationships.
Addressing the psychological impact of a slap is a vital step in reducing violence and promoting healthy relationships and overall well-being. It requires a collective effort from individuals, communities, and policymakers to prioritize the mental health and safety of all individuals. Only by fostering a culture of non-violence and respect can we truly create a society where slapping and other forms of violence are not tolerated.
Social and Relational Consequences
The physical impact of a slap is not limited to immediate pain and discomfort, but also extends to the social and relational consequences that arise from such an act of violence. Slapping can have profound effects on personal relationships, trust, and intimacy.
A. Strained personal relationships
When a slap occurs within a personal relationship, whether it be between spouses, partners, or family members, it can strain the bond between individuals. The victim may harbor feelings of resentment, anger, and betrayal, leading to a breakdown in communication and a loss of emotional connection. This strain on relationships can be particularly damaging when the slap occurs within a romantic partnership, causing fractures in trust and intimacy.
B. Loss of trust and intimacy
A slap can shatter the foundation of trust that is essential for healthy relationships. The victim may find it difficult to trust the perpetrator again, fearing that they may resort to violence in the future. This loss of trust can also have a detrimental impact on the level of intimacy within the relationship, as the victim may struggle to feel safe and secure in their partner’s presence.
C. Negative impact on family dynamics and children
Slapping within a family context can have far-reaching consequences, particularly when children are involved. Witnessing violence can be deeply traumatic for children, causing emotional harm and impacting their overall development. Additionally, the negative consequences of slapping on the parent-child relationship can result in a cycle of violence if not addressed and broken.
It is important to recognize and address the social and relational consequences of slapping, as they have a lasting impact on individuals and families. To promote healthy relationships and prevent further harm, it is crucial to provide support and resources for both victims and perpetrators.
As a society, we must encourage open dialogue about domestic violence, break the silence surrounding such acts, and promote non-violent conflict resolution strategies. This can be achieved through awareness campaigns, educational programs, and community initiatives that challenge harmful norms and promote empathy and respect.
By addressing the social and relational consequences of slapping, we can pave the way for healthier relationships, stronger families, and a safer society. It is our collective responsibility to foster a culture of non-violence, where individuals are treated with dignity and respect in all aspects of their lives.
Legal Consequences
A. Laws and regulations regarding physical assault
Slapping another person is considered a form of physical assault and is illegal in many jurisdictions. The specific laws and regulations regarding physical assault may vary depending on the country or region. In general, physical assault involves intentionally causing harm or injury to another person, and slapping falls under this category. Laws typically define assault as the intentional act of causing apprehension of harmful or offensive contact, or the intentional act of causing physical injury to another person.
B. Potential charges and penalties for slapping
Depending on the severity of the slap and the resulting harm caused, individuals who engage in slapping may face various charges and penalties. These can range from misdemeanor charges, which carry lighter penalties such as fines and probation, to felony charges, which can result in imprisonment and more substantial fines. The specific charges and penalties will depend on factors such as the jurisdiction, the level of harm caused, and the presence of any aggravating factors.
C. Protection orders and legal remedies for victims
Victims of slapping and domestic violence can seek legal protection through the issuance of protection orders. These orders, also known as restraining orders or no-contact orders, prohibit the offender from having any contact with the victim. Violations of protection orders can lead to further legal consequences for the offender. In addition to protection orders, victims of slapping can also seek legal remedies such as compensation for medical expenses, therapy costs, and pain and suffering through civil lawsuits.
It is important for victims of slapping to be aware of their legal rights and the available legal remedies. They should consult with an attorney who specializes in domestic violence or assault cases to understand the specific laws and options in their jurisdiction.
Furthermore, it is crucial for society as a whole to be informed about the legal consequences of slapping and to support legislation that strengthens protections for victims of domestic violence.
Additional Resources and References
– [National Domestic Violence Hotline](https://www.thehotline.org/)
– [RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network)](https://www.rainn.org/)
– [National Coalition Against Domestic Violence](https://ncadv.org/)
– [World Health Organization: Violence Against Women](https://www.who.int/health-topics/violence-against-women/)
Gendered Aspect of Slapping
A. Discussion on the prevalence of slapping based on gender
When examining the prevalence of slapping, it becomes apparent that gender plays a significant role. Studies consistently show that women are more likely to experience slapping compared to men. This gender disparity can be attributed to various factors, including power imbalances in relationships and societal norms regarding violence against women.
Research indicates that slapping is often used as a form of control and domination by some individuals within intimate relationships. The power dynamics embedded in patriarchal societies contribute to the higher rates of slapping women face. Additionally, cultural beliefs that condone violence against women and reinforce traditional gender roles further perpetuate this gendered aspect of slapping.
B. Societal attitudes towards slapping based on gender
Societal attitudes towards slapping based on gender vary significantly. While the act of slapping is generally frowned upon, gendered attitudes and perceptions often influence how society views and responds to such incidents.
Historically, certain societies have normalized and even justified slapping women as a means to discipline or control their behavior. These deeply ingrained beliefs are slowly being challenged through awareness and education. However, some societal attitudes still trivialize or dismiss the severity of slapping women, perpetuating harmful gender norms and enabling the cycle of violence.
Conversely, when men are slapped, societal attitudes may often downplay or ignore the incident. Society may view it as less severe or even humorous due to the perception that men should be able to defend themselves or that physical violence is somehow more acceptable in male-male interactions. These attitudes contribute to the underreporting of slapping among men and create stigma around male victims seeking support.
C. Impact of gender-based slapping on victims and society
The impact of gender-based slapping extends beyond the immediate physical and psychological consequences. Women who experience slapping may face significant emotional distress, reduced self-esteem, and a constant sense of fear. These effects can hinder their ability to thrive and participate fully in society.
Furthermore, gender-based slapping perpetuates harmful gender stereotypes and contributes to the larger problem of gender inequality. It reinforces the notion that women are inferior and should be subjected to violence to maintain control and power. This pattern of violence normalizes aggression and undermines efforts to create a culture of non-violence and equality.
Addressing the gendered aspect of slapping requires challenging societal norms, beliefs, and attitudes that facilitate violence against women. Efforts should focus on promoting gender equality, educating communities on healthy relationship dynamics, and empowering individuals to reject violence as a means of control. It is crucial to foster a society where all individuals are treated with respect and dignity, regardless of their gender.
VCultural and Societal Perspectives on Slapping
Historical context and cultural acceptance of slapping
Slapping as a form of punishment or expression of power has deep historical roots in many cultures around the world. In some societies, slapping has been considered a legitimate means of discipline or correction, particularly within family and intimate relationships. Historical records and oral traditions reveal instances where slapping was seen as a socially acceptable way to assert authority or maintain control.
However, it is essential to recognize that cultural acceptance of slapping does not justify or normalize its use as a means of violence. The societal attitudes towards slapping have certainly evolved over time, with a growing recognition of its harmful effects and the need to promote non-violent alternatives in resolving conflicts.
Shifts in societal attitudes towards slapping
In recent years, there has been a significant shift in societal attitudes towards slapping, largely driven by increased awareness of the physical and psychological consequences it can inflict on individuals. The understanding that physical violence, even in the form of a slap, has detrimental effects on mental well-being and relational dynamics has led to stricter legislation and campaigns against all forms of violence.
Moreover, cultural shifts have played a role in challenging traditional gender norms that perpetuated the acceptability of slapping, particularly against women. There has been a greater emphasis on promoting gender equality and fostering respectful and non-violent behaviors within relationships. These shifts in attitudes have helped create a safer and more compassionate society, where violence is not tolerated or condoned.
Discussion on cultural practices that promote non-violence
Recognizing the need for a culture of non-violence, many communities and organizations have taken proactive measures to promote alternative practices that emphasize peaceful conflict resolution. They actively engage in educational initiatives that seek to build empathy, compassion, and communication skills in individuals.
Cultural practices such as restorative justice, mediation, and non-violent communication have gained prominence as effective tools to address conflicts constructively and create positive social change. These practices aim to dismantle power imbalances, encourage dialogue, and support the growth of healthier relationships. By promoting cultural practices that prioritize non-violence, societies can gradually shift away from the acceptance of slapping and foster an environment where all individuals can thrive without fear of physical harm.
In conclusion, while slapping may have held a place within historical and cultural contexts, there has been a significant evolution in societal attitudes towards this form of violence. As awareness of the impact and consequences of slapping continues to grow, communities must actively work towards fostering non-violence, empathy, and respect. By challenging traditional norms and promoting cultural practices that prioritize non-violent conflict resolution, we can create a society that rejects violence and encourages healthy, respectful relationships.
Slapping and Domestic Violence
A. Relationship between slapping and domestic violence
In this section, we explore the connection between slapping and domestic violence, emphasizing the seriousness of slapping as a form of abuse within intimate relationships. Slapping is a clear indicator of the presence of domestic violence and can be the first step towards more severe forms of abuse. It is important to recognize and address slapping as a significant red flag for potential domestic violence.
Domestic violence is characterized by a pattern of coercive control and physical, emotional, or sexual abuse inflicted by one partner on another within a relationship. Slapping, although it may initially seem less severe than other forms of physical abuse, is a direct violation of an individual’s boundaries and often establishes a power dynamic that enables further abuse.
B. Signs of an abusive relationship and escalation
It is crucial to familiarize oneself with the signs of an abusive relationship to protect individuals from further harm. Slapping is often accompanied by other forms of abuse, such as verbal and emotional abuse, controlling behavior, and isolation from friends and family. Without intervention, these patterns of abuse can escalate over time, leading to more severe forms of violence, including punching, choking, and even homicide. Recognizing the warning signs and red flags is vital in preventing further harm.
C. Available resources for victims of domestic violence
For victims of domestic violence, there are numerous resources available to provide support, assistance, and safety. Local domestic violence hotlines, shelters, and organizations offer confidential helplines, safe housing options, legal advocacy, and counseling services. Additionally, there are online resources and support groups that provide information and guidance for individuals experiencing domestic violence. It is essential to empower victims with information about available resources to help them navigate their situations and access the support they need.
By understanding the relationship between slapping and domestic violence, recognizing the signs of an abusive relationship, and increasing awareness of available resources, we can strive to support and protect victims.
References
– National Domestic Violence Hotline: “Get Help”
– National Coalition Against Domestic Violence: “Get Help”
Effects of Slapping on Children
A. Emotional trauma and long-term consequences in children
When children are subjected to slapping, it can have profound emotional and psychological effects that can extend into adulthood. The emotional trauma experienced by children who are slapped can result in feelings of fear, confusion, and insecurity. They may feel unsafe and develop a constant sense of anxiety, constantly anticipating when the next slap may occur. These feelings of distress can hinder their overall emotional well-being and impact their ability to form healthy relationships.
Furthermore, the long-term consequences of slapping on children can be substantial. Research has shown that children who experience physical punishment are at an increased risk for developing mental health issues such as depression, anxiety disorders, and aggressive behavior. The negative impact of slapping can also manifest in difficulties with self-esteem and self-worth, which may persist into adulthood.
B. Impact on cognitive development and behavioral patterns
Slapping can have detrimental effects on a child’s cognitive development and behavioral patterns. Studies have shown that children who experience physical punishment may have lower IQ scores and academic achievement. The stress and fear associated with slapping can impair a child’s ability to concentrate and learn effectively.
In terms of behavioral patterns, children who are subjected to slapping may learn that violence is an acceptable way to solve conflicts. They may develop aggressive tendencies, exhibit increased levels of hostility, and engage in delinquent behaviors. The cycle of violence can continue as these children become adults and may perpetuate the use of physical punishment in their own relationships and parenting practices.
C. Breaking the cycle of violence and promoting healthy parenting
Breaking the cycle of violence and promoting healthy parenting practices is crucial to mitigating the effects of slapping on children. Providing parents with resources and support can help them develop alternative disciplinary strategies that are non-violent and effective. Parenting education programs that focus on positive discipline techniques and communication skills can contribute to creating nurturing and respectful environments for children.
Additionally, raising awareness about the negative consequences of slapping and promoting healthy relationships can help foster a culture where violence is not tolerated. Community initiatives, such as counseling services and support groups, can provide parents with the tools they need to break destructive patterns and provide a safe and nurturing environment for their children.
It is important to recognize that children have the right to grow up free from violence and to promote their overall well-being. By addressing and preventing slapping, we can create a society that prioritizes the healthy development of children and embraces non-violent forms of discipline.
X. Resisting and Preventing Slapping
Introduction
Slapping, as discussed in the previous sections, has significant physical, psychological, social, and legal consequences. It is essential to understand how to resist and prevent slapping to foster a culture of non-violence and respect. This section explores various strategies and tools that can be implemented to address and prevent slapping.
Assertive communication and conflict resolution skills
One key way to resist and prevent slapping is through the development of assertive communication and conflict resolution skills. Teaching individuals how to express their needs, boundaries, and concerns in a respectful and assertive manner can help avoid situations that may escalate to slapping. By promoting effective communication, conflicts can be resolved peacefully and without resorting to violence.
Addressing anger management and aggression issues
Another important aspect of preventing slapping is addressing anger management and aggression issues. Many slaps occur in moments of extreme anger or frustration. By providing individuals with the necessary tools and resources to manage their anger in a healthy way, the likelihood of resorting to physical violence, such as slapping, can be significantly reduced.
Educational programs and awareness campaigns on non-violence
Education plays a crucial role in preventing slapping. Implementing educational programs and awareness campaigns that highlight the importance of non-violence and promote healthy ways of resolving conflicts can have a significant impact on reducing slapping incidents. These initiatives can target schools, workplaces, and communities to reach a wide audience.
By educating individuals about the consequences of slapping and providing them with alternative methods of conflict resolution, these programs can effectively change attitudes and behaviors surrounding violence.
Conclusion
Resisting and preventing slapping require a multifaceted approach that encompasses assertive communication, addressing anger management and aggression issues, and implementing educational programs on non-violence. By promoting effective communication, providing individuals with the necessary tools to manage anger, and raising awareness about non-violent conflict resolution, the prevalence of slapping can be reduced.
It is crucial for individuals, communities, and policymakers to take action and work collaboratively to eradicate slapping from society. By fostering a culture of non-violence and respect, we can create a safer and more equitable world for all. It is a collective responsibility to break the cycle of violence and build healthier relationships based on empathy, emotional intelligence, and mutual respect.
Rehabilitation and Counseling for Victims and Perpetrators
A. Trauma-informed care for victims of slapping
When someone experiences the trauma of being slapped, it is essential that they receive proper support and care to help them heal and recover. Trauma-informed care is a crucial approach that recognizes and responds to the impact of trauma on victims, emphasizing their safety, empowerment, and well-being.
Victims of slapping may experience a range of emotional and psychological difficulties, including anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Trauma-informed care involves creating a safe and supportive environment where victims can feel heard, validated, and understood. It involves providing them with resources and referrals for specialized counseling and therapy, such as trauma-focused therapy or cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Additionally, trauma-informed care also focuses on helping victims develop coping mechanisms and resilience. This may involve teaching them relaxation techniques, mindfulness practices, and self-care strategies. Support groups and peer-led programs can also be valuable in connecting victims with others who have had similar experiences and creating a sense of community.
B. Rehabilitation and counseling options for perpetrators
While the focus of support is often on the victims, it is also crucial to address the needs of the perpetrators to prevent future incidents and promote positive behavioral change. Rehabilitation and counseling programs can provide them with the necessary tools to understand the underlying issues that contribute to their violent behavior and develop healthier ways to manage conflict.
Counseling for perpetrators may involve anger management techniques, cognitive restructuring, and empathy building exercises. Group therapy settings can be particularly beneficial, allowing them to learn from others and challenge their beliefs and attitudes towards power and control.
It is important to note that the success of rehabilitation and counseling for perpetrators is often dependent on their willingness to change and their commitment to the process. Intervention programs may also involve closely monitoring and holding the individual accountable for their actions to ensure the safety of the victim.
C. Importance of support systems in healing and recovery
Both victims and perpetrators of slapping can greatly benefit from the presence of a strong and supportive network. Support systems can include friends, family, therapists, support groups, and community organizations. These networks provide individuals with emotional support, guidance, and connections to resources that can aid in their healing and recovery.
Support systems can help victims overcome feelings of isolation, shame, and self-blame. They can also serve as a source of encouragement and motivation for perpetrators to change their behavior and seek help. Furthermore, support systems play a vital role in raising awareness, challenging societal attitudes towards violence, and promoting healthier relationships.
It is essential for communities and policymakers to invest in and promote the development of support systems that cater to the specific needs of victims and perpetrators of slapping. By prioritizing rehabilitation, counseling, and support, society can contribute to breaking the cycle of violence and fostering a culture of non-violence, empathy, and respect.
Redefining Masculinity and Femininity in Non-violent Terms
Challenging traditional notions of power and control
In our society, traditional gender roles often emphasize power, dominance, and control as defining characteristics of masculinity. These toxic ideals contribute to a culture where violence, including slapping, is seen as a way of exerting control and asserting power over others. However, it is important to challenge these traditional notions and redefine masculinity and femininity in non-violent terms.
By challenging traditional ideals of power and control, individuals can strive to create a more equal and peaceful society. This involves recognizing and rejecting harmful gender stereotypes that perpetuate violence. Instead, individuals can embrace qualities such as empathy, compassion, and communication as important aspects of both masculinity and femininity.
Promoting empathy, emotional intelligence, and respect
In order to redefine masculinity and femininity in non-violent terms, promoting empathy, emotional intelligence, and respect is crucial. These qualities are fundamental in fostering healthy relationships and preventing violence.
By encouraging the development of empathy and emotional intelligence, individuals can better understand and connect with others on an emotional level. This promotes open communication, conflict resolution, and non-violent ways of expressing emotions. It also helps individuals to recognize and manage their own emotions, reducing the likelihood of resorting to physical violence.
Respect is another essential component in redefining masculinity and femininity. Promoting respect means valuing the autonomy, dignity, and boundaries of others. It involves recognizing that everyone deserves to be treated with fairness and kindness, regardless of their gender. By fostering a culture of respect, individuals can foster healthy relationships characterized by equality and non-violence.
Promoting healthy relationships and equality
Redefining masculinity and femininity in non-violent terms also entails promoting healthy relationships and equality. By doing so, individuals and society as a whole can work towards creating a society where slapping and other forms of violence have no place.
Healthy relationships are founded on mutual trust, respect, and equality. This means that power dynamics are balanced, decisions are made collaboratively, and conflicts are resolved through non-violent means. By fostering healthy relationships, individuals can effectively prevent slapping and other forms of violence from occurring.
Promoting equality is another vital aspect of redefining masculinity and femininity. This involves challenging gender norms and promoting gender equality in all spheres of life. By dismantling gender-based power imbalances, individuals can create a society where all individuals are valued and respected, regardless of their gender. This contributes to a culture of non-violence and paves the way for a more just and equitable society.
In conclusion, redefining masculinity and femininity in non-violent terms requires challenging traditional notions of power and control, promoting empathy, emotional intelligence, and respect, and fostering healthy relationships and equality. By embracing these principles, individuals can contribute to the prevention of slapping and other forms of violence, and help create a culture of non-violence and respect for all.
Additional Resources and References
– National Domestic Violence Hotline: www.thehotline.org
– RAINN (Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network): www.rainn.org
– Love is Respect: www.loveisrespect.org
Additional Resources and References
Additional Resources
If you or someone you know is a victim of slapping or domestic violence, the following resources can provide assistance and support:
1. National Domestic Violence Hotline: 1-800-799-SAFE (7233). This hotline offers confidential support, information, and resources for victims of domestic violence, including those who have experienced slapping.
2. Local Domestic Violence Shelters: Many communities have shelters or safe houses specifically designed to provide temporary housing and support services for victims of domestic violence. Contact your local authorities or search online for shelters in your area.
3. Therapy and Counseling Services: Seek professional help from therapists or counselors who specialize in trauma and domestic violence. They can provide guidance and support to help you heal and recover from the psychological impact of slapping.
4. Support Groups: Joining a support group for survivors of domestic violence can provide a safe space to share experiences, learn coping strategies, and find support from others who have gone through similar situations.
References
1. Campbell, J. C. (2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. Lancet, 359(9314), 1331-1336.
2. Dutton, M. A., & Goodman, L. A. (2005). Coercion in intimate partner violence: Toward a new conceptualization. Sex Roles, 52(11-12), 743-756.
3. Hamby, S., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Ormrod, R. (2010). Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence and other family violence. Juvenile Justice Bulletin.
4. Luthra, R., & Gidycz, C. A. (2006). Dating violence among college men and women: Evaluation of a theoretical model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(6), 717-731.
5. World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Geneva: World Health Organization.
6. Zink, T., Fisher, B. S., & Regan, S. L. (2012). Impact of physical violence, forced sex, and stalking by an intimate partner on health-related quality of life. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(1), 127-153.