The C-17 Globemaster III is an awe-inspiring aircraft that has garnered a reputation for its impressive carrying capacity. Often hailed as a workhorse of the skies, this military transport aircraft is renowned for its ability to transport large and heavy cargo within a short period. Among its remarkable capabilities lies its capacity to carry multiple tanks, a feature that has fueled the curiosity of many aviation enthusiasts and military strategists alike. In this article, we dive into the depths of the C-17’s capabilities, exploring just how many tanks this mighty aircraft can accommodate and the strategic implications that come with such a remarkable feat.
With its sleek design and robust construction, the C-17 is genuinely an engineering marvel. Developed by the renowned American aerospace company, Boeing, this aircraft was specifically designed to meet the demanding requirements of military operations, boasting high performance and versatility. While it is predominantly known for its ability to transport personnel, supplies, and equipment, its capacity to carry tanks has become a subject of intrigue and speculation. In the following sections, we will unravel the secrets behind the C-17’s remarkable carrying capacity and shed light on the strategic advantages that come with it.
Specifications of the C17 Globemaster III
A. Dimensions and weight of the aircraft
The C17 Globemaster III is a large military transport aircraft manufactured by Boeing. It has a length of 174 feet and a wingspan of 169.8 feet. With a height of 55.1 feet, it stands tall among other cargo aircraft. The empty weight of the C17 is approximately 282,500 pounds. However, its maximum takeoff weight can reach up to 585,000 pounds.
B. Payload and fuel capacity
One of the most remarkable features of the C17 Globemaster III is its impressive payload capacity. It has a payload capacity of 170,900 pounds, allowing it to carry a wide range of heavy equipment and supplies. In terms of fuel capacity, the aircraft can hold up to 35,546 gallons of fuel, enabling long-range missions and extended flight durations.
The C17 also possesses the capability to execute in-flight refueling, further extending its range and operational flexibility. This allows the aircraft to transport tanks or other heavy military equipment across vast distances without the need for frequent refueling stops.
The combined payload and fuel capacity of the C17 make it a highly versatile and efficient aircraft for military transportation purposes. It can deliver essential cargo, including tanks, to various destinations globally, even in remote or challenging locations.
With its exceptional specifications, the C17 Globemaster III serves as a critical asset in military operations, enabling the rapid deployment of heavy equipment, supplies, and personnel to support missions worldwide. Its ability to transport tanks efficiently makes it a valuable asset in bolstering the military’s operational capabilities. Understanding the detailed specifications of the C17 is crucial in unlocking and maximizing its impressive capacity for tank transportation and other military logistics requirements.
Purpose and Limitations of Tank Transport
Importance of tanks in military operations
Tanks play a crucial role in modern military operations, providing armored firepower and mobility on the battlefield. These heavy vehicles are vital for various military tasks, such as offensive maneuvers, defensive positions, and escorting infantry forces. Their presence can significantly influence the course and outcome of a conflict.
Challenges in transporting tanks
Despite their importance, transporting tanks presents significant logistical challenges. Tanks are large, heavy, and require specialized equipment for transportation. Traditional means of transport, such as railway or road, are often not feasible for long-distance or rapid deployments. As a result, military aircraft are frequently utilized for tank transport.
The C17 Globemaster III offers a viable solution for tank transportation due to its impressive payload capacity and strategic mobility. However, understanding the purpose and limitations of tank transport is crucial for effective military operations.
Gaining insight into the C17’s tank transport capabilities allows military planners to optimize resources and plan missions accordingly. By understanding the number of tanks that can be transported, the military can determine the required fleet size and arrange timely deployments.
Moreover, acknowledging the limitations of tank transport is equally important. Factors such as weight, size, and compatibility of tanks with the C17 must be considered. Additionally, the impact of tank transportation on fuel efficiency, aircraft performance, and safety measures should not be overlooked.
Successfully overcoming these challenges requires detailed knowledge of the C17’s cargo hold and its features that enable tank transportation. By understanding the cargo hold’s dimensions and capabilities, military personnel can make informed decisions regarding tank compatibility and loading procedures.
By exploring the purpose and limitations of tank transport, this section aims to equip military professionals with the necessary knowledge to effectively utilize the C17 Globemaster III for tank transportation. Understanding these aspects will contribute to enhanced operational efficiency and enable successful tank transport missions in the future.
Understanding the C17’s Cargo Hold
A. Description of the cargo hold
The cargo hold of the C17 Globemaster III is a crucial component that allows for the transportation of various types of cargo, including tanks. It is located in the rear section of the aircraft and is designed to accommodate oversized and heavy cargo. The cargo hold has a total usable length of 88 feet, a width of 18 feet, and a height of 12 feet 4 inches, providing ample space for tanks and other military vehicles.
The cargo hold features a flat floor without any obstructions, which allows for easy loading and unloading of cargo. It is also equipped with special rollers to facilitate the movement of heavy equipment. Additionally, the cargo hold has a strong floor that can withstand the weight of heavy tanks and provides tie-down points to secure the cargo during flight.
B. Features that enable tank transportation
The C17 Globemaster III is specifically designed with features that make tank transportation possible. One of these features is the aircraft’s rear cargo door, which measures 12 feet by 10 feet 6 inches. This large door allows for tanks to be loaded and unloaded efficiently and quickly.
Furthermore, the C17 has a unique ramp and cargo handling system that enables the loading and unloading of heavy equipment, including tanks, without the need for external assistance. The ramp can be deployed and retracted hydraulically, making it easier to transport tanks to and from the cargo hold. The cargo handling system includes winches, rollers, and other equipment that assist in moving the tanks within the cargo hold. These features greatly enhance the C17’s ability to transport tanks effectively.
The cargo hold of the C17 also boasts a high payload capacity, which is another crucial feature for tank transportation. The aircraft has a maximum payload capacity of 170,900 pounds, allowing it to carry multiple tanks and other equipment simultaneously. This payload capacity, combined with the aircraft’s dimensions and cargo hold features, make the C17 an ideal choice for tank transport missions.
In conclusion, understanding the cargo hold of the C17 Globemaster III is essential for unlocking its impressive tank transport capabilities. The cargo hold’s spacious dimensions, flat floor, tie-down points, and cargo handling system enable the secure and efficient transportation of tanks. With its rear cargo door and high payload capacity, the C17 is a reliable and capable aircraft for carrying tanks and other heavy military equipment.
Tank Compatibility with the C17
Types of tanks that can be transported
When it comes to tank transportation, the C17 Globemaster III has the capability to transport a wide range of tanks used in military operations. The cargo hold of the C17 is designed to accommodate various types of tanks, including main battle tanks and armored vehicles.
Main battle tanks such as the M1 Abrams, Leopard 2, and Challenger 2 can be easily transported using the C17. These tanks are known for their heavy armor and powerful weaponry, and the C17’s cargo hold can handle their weight and size.
In addition to main battle tanks, the C17 is also compatible with other types of tanks used in military operations. This includes armored reconnaissance vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles, and self-propelled artillery. These tanks are crucial for various missions and the C17’s capability to transport them enhances its versatility in supporting ground forces.
Weight and size restrictions for tanks
While the C17 has an impressive cargo hold, there are certain weight and size restrictions that need to be considered when transporting tanks. The maximum weight of a tank that can be accommodated by the C17 is approximately 145,000 pounds (65,770 kilograms).
In terms of size, the C17 can accommodate tanks with a width of up to 19 feet (5.79 meters) and a length of up to 70 feet (21.34 meters). These dimensions allow for the transportation of most modern tanks in service with various militaries around the world.
It’s worth noting that the weight and size restrictions can vary depending on the configuration of the C17 and the specific mission requirements. Some tanks may require additional modifications or disassembling to fit within the cargo hold of the aircraft.
Overall, the C17 provides substantial capacity for tank transport, ensuring that military forces can easily deploy and transport tanks to various locations around the world. Its compatibility with a wide range of tanks, combined with its impressive payload capacity, makes the C17 an essential asset in modern military operations.
Capacity and Load Factors
A. Maximum number of tanks that can be carried
The C17 Globemaster III is renowned for its impressive cargo carrying capabilities, and this extends to the transportation of tanks as well. The maximum number of tanks that can be carried by a C17 depends on various factors such as the size and weight of the tanks, as well as the configuration of the cargo hold.
On average, a C17 can transport up to two M1 Abrams main battle tanks, which are some of the heaviest tanks in the world. The M1 Abrams has a weight of approximately 62 tons, and its dimensions are 32 feet in length, 12 feet in width, and 8 feet in height. The C17’s cargo hold measures 88 feet in length, 18 feet in width, and 12 feet in height, providing ample space for the transportation of these large tanks.
However, it is important to note that the number of tanks that can be carried may vary depending on the specific configuration of the aircraft. The interior of the C17 is highly customizable, allowing for the incorporation of additional equipment or modifications that could impact the available cargo space. Additionally, the weight distribution of the tanks within the cargo hold must also be taken into consideration to ensure a safe and balanced load.
B. Factors affecting the number of tanks that can be transported
While the C17 has an impressive capacity for tank transport, there are several factors that can affect the number of tanks that can be carried.
1. Weight restrictions: The C17 has a maximum payload capacity of approximately 170,900 pounds. This means that the weight of the tanks, as well as any other accompanying equipment and supplies, must not exceed this limit. If the tanks are exceptionally heavy or additional cargo is required, it may impact the number of tanks that can be transported.
2. Size limitations: The size of the tanks is another important factor to consider. Tanks that are larger in dimensions may limit the number that can be loaded onto the aircraft due to spatial constraints. The cargo hold of the C17 offers significant space, but tanks with particularly large dimensions may require special arrangements or additional modifications to fit properly.
3. Balance and stability: The distribution of weight within the cargo hold is crucial to ensure the stability and balance of the aircraft during flight. Proper distribution of the tanks, along with any additional cargo, must be carefully planned to maintain the aircraft’s center of gravity within allowable limits. This may also impact the number of tanks that can be loaded onto the C17.
In conclusion, the C17 Globemaster III is capable of transporting multiple tanks, typically up to two M1 Abrams, depending on factors such as weight, size, and distribution within the cargo hold. The aircraft’s payload capacity and customizable interior allow for the efficient transportation of tanks, making it an essential asset in military operations requiring tank deployment.
Fuel Efficiency and Tank Transport
Impact of tank transportation on fuel consumption
Tank transport operations using the C17 Globemaster III aircraft have a significant impact on fuel consumption due to the weight and size of the tanks being transported. Tanks are heavy vehicles, often weighing up to 70 tons or more, and their transportation requires a substantial amount of fuel.
The weight of the tanks affects the overall fuel efficiency of the C17. When carrying tanks, the aircraft may experience increased fuel consumption due to the additional weight. This can result in reduced range and payload capacity, as more fuel is required to accommodate the tanks. The C17’s fuel efficiency is influenced by factors such as the distance to be traveled, altitude, weather conditions, and the specific tank being transported.
Strategies to optimize fuel efficiency during tank transport
While tank transport operations can have a significant impact on fuel consumption, there are strategies that can be employed to optimize fuel efficiency and minimize the overall impact.
Firstly, careful planning and coordination are crucial. By accurately calculating the fuel requirements for the planned distance and taking into account factors such as terrain and weather conditions, fuel wastage can be minimized. Additionally, optimizing flight routes to avoid unnecessary detours or strong headwinds can further reduce fuel consumption.
Another strategy to optimize fuel efficiency during tank transport is through load distribution. Distributing the tanks and other cargo evenly throughout the aircraft can help maintain balance and reduce fuel consumption. By analyzing the weight distribution, adjustments can be made to ensure that the aircraft is properly balanced, which can improve overall fuel efficiency.
Furthermore, incorporating advanced technologies and systems can contribute to fuel efficiency during tank transport. These may include advanced engine designs, improved aerodynamics, and enhanced flight management systems. By utilizing these technologies, the C17 can operate more efficiently and reduce fuel consumption.
Pilots and crew members also play a crucial role in optimizing fuel efficiency during tank transport. By employing efficient flight techniques such as smooth takeoffs and landings, maintaining optimum cruising altitudes, and flying at optimal speeds, the aircraft can operate more efficiently and conserve fuel.
In conclusion, tank transport operations using the C17 Globemaster III have a significant impact on fuel consumption. However, through careful planning, load distribution, the use of advanced technologies, and efficient flight techniques, fuel efficiency can be optimized. By implementing these strategies, the overall impact of tank transportation on fuel consumption can be minimized, allowing the C17 to effectively carry out its mission of transporting tanks in military operations.
Loading and Securing Tanks on the C17
A. Process of loading tanks onto the aircraft
When it comes to loading tanks onto the C17 Globemaster III, careful planning and precision are critical to ensure a safe and efficient operation. The process begins with the preparation of the cargo hold, which is specifically designed to accommodate the transportation of heavy military equipment such as tanks.
The first step in loading tanks onto the C17 is positioning the aircraft on a suitable loading ramp. This allows for easy access to the cargo hold and minimizes the distance the tanks need to travel during the loading process. Once the aircraft is in position, the tanks are brought to the loading area using heavy-duty ground equipment.
Specialized loading vehicles, such as forklifts or cranes, are used to lift the tanks and carefully maneuver them into the cargo hold. The C17’s cargo hold features a ramp at the back, which can be lowered to create a smooth incline, facilitating the loading process.
During the loading process, it is crucial to ensure that the tanks are properly positioned and balanced within the cargo hold. This is achieved by using securing devices, such as straps, nets, or chains, to prevent any movement during transport. The C17 is equipped with multiple attachment points inside the cargo hold to secure the tanks effectively.
B. Importance of proper securing and safety measures
Properly securing tanks is not only essential for the safety of the aircraft and its crew but also for the protection of the tanks themselves. Tanks are heavy and powerful machines that can cause significant damage if they shift or become loose during transport.
By utilizing the C17’s attachment points and employing effective securing measures, the tanks are kept in place and prevented from shifting or causing damage to the cargo hold. This enhances the safety of the aircraft and ensures that the tanks arrive at their destination without any issues.
In addition to securing the tanks, safety measures are also implemented to protect the personnel involved in the loading process. Strict adherence to safety protocols and the use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) minimize the risk of accidents or injuries.
Overall, the loading and securing of tanks on the C17 require meticulous planning, skilled personnel, and effective safety measures. By following established procedures and utilizing the aircraft’s cargo hold features, tanks can be loaded and transported safely, ready to support military operations wherever they are needed.
## Operational Considerations
### A. Impact of tank transport on the aircraft’s performance
When it comes to tank transport, the C17 Globemaster III is a powerful aircraft that can handle the heavy loads associated with transporting tanks. However, it is essential to consider the impact that tank transport has on the aircraft’s performance.
The sheer weight and size of tanks can significantly affect the C17’s performance parameters, such as takeoff distance, climb rate, and overall maneuverability. Tanks are massive vehicles and can exert a substantial load on the aircraft’s structure and engines.
During tank transport, the C17’s engines need to generate significant thrust to compensate for the added weight. This increased thrust requirement can result in higher fuel consumption and reduced range. Therefore, it is crucial for operators to carefully calculate the fuel requirements for each transport mission to ensure safe and efficient operations.
Additionally, the presence of tanks in the cargo hold alters the aircraft’s center of gravity. Tanks are usually loaded towards the front of the cargo hold to maintain proper weight distribution. However, this can create a forward center of gravity, potentially affecting the C17’s stability during flight.
### B. Pre-flight and post-flight considerations for tank transport
Before embarking on a tank transport mission, thorough pre-flight inspections are necessary. These inspections should include checking the aircraft’s weight and balance, ensuring that the center of gravity is within the acceptable limits. It is also essential to examine the cargo hold for any damage or irregularities that could compromise the tanks’ security during flight.
Moreover, loadmasters and crew members must undergo training specific to tank transport and adhere to all loading procedures outlined in the aircraft’s manual. This involves properly securing the tanks using specialized equipment, such as tie-down straps and auxiliary fuel tanks to maintain balance.
After the tank transport mission is complete, post-flight inspections are crucial to assess any potential damage or stress on the aircraft caused by the transported tanks. This ensures that any issues are promptly addressed to maintain the C17’s airworthiness and longevity.
Overall, operational considerations play a vital role in the successful tank transport aboard the C17 Globemaster Understanding how tanks impact the aircraft’s performance and implementing meticulous pre-flight and post-flight procedures is critical to ensure safe and efficient operations. By taking these considerations into account, operators can utilize the impressive capacity of the C17 while maximizing its performance for tank transport missions.
X. Notable Examples of Tank Transport Missions
A. Previous tank transport operations using the C17
Tank transport operations using the C17 Globemaster III have been conducted worldwide, showcasing the aircraft’s remarkable capabilities. One notable example is the transportation of tanks during the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq in 2011. The C17 played a crucial role in this operation, transporting various types of tanks from military bases in Iraq back to the United States.
During this mission, the C17 demonstrated its ability to transport multiple tanks efficiently and safely. With its expansive cargo hold, the aircraft could carry up to four M1 Abrams main battle tanks or up to six lighter tanks such as the M2 Bradley. This allowed for significant numbers of tanks to be transported in a single flight, reducing the overall time and resources required for the operation.
Furthermore, the C17’s advanced engineering and design features enabled the tanks to be loaded and secured with ease. The tanks were carefully positioned in the cargo hold and securely strapped down to ensure stability and prevent any movement during transit. This level of precision and attention to detail is crucial in ensuring the safety of both the tanks and the aircraft during transport.
B. Successful examples of C17 transporting large numbers of tanks
In addition to individual tank transport missions, the C17 has also been involved in larger-scale operations where multiple tanks were transported simultaneously. One such example is the deployment of tanks during multinational military exercises.
During these exercises, the C17 played a pivotal role in rapidly deploying tanks to various locations. With its ability to carry multiple tanks at once, the C17 significantly reduced the time needed for tank deployment, allowing for a quicker response in tactical scenarios.
For instance, during the NATO military exercise “Trident Juncture” in 2018, the C17 transported a considerable number of tanks from different allied nations to the exercise’s designated area. This demonstrated the aircraft’s versatility in accommodating tanks from various countries and its capability to support joint operations.
Such tank transport missions not only highlight the C17’s impressive carrying capacity but also emphasize its importance in enhancing military mobility and readiness. The ability to swiftly transport tanks to different locations enables military forces to maintain strategic flexibility, respond effectively to evolving threats, and enhance overall operational effectiveness.
In conclusion, previous tank transport operations using the C17 Globemaster III have demonstrated the aircraft’s ability to transport tanks efficiently and securely. Whether it is the individual transportation of tanks during troop withdrawals or the simultaneous deployment of multiple tanks for military exercises, the C17 has consistently proven its capability to support tank transport missions. As military operations continue to evolve, the C17’s significant contributions to tank transport make it an indispensable asset in modern military operations.
Challenges and Solutions for Tank Transport
11A. Overcoming logistical challenges in tank transport
Transporting tanks is a complex logistical task that presents numerous challenges. The weight and size of tanks, combined with the need for specialized equipment and careful planning, make tank transport a difficult operation. However, with proper strategies and solutions, these challenges can be overcome.
One of the main challenges in tank transport is ensuring the compatibility between the tank and the aircraft. Tanks come in various sizes and weights, and not all tanks can be transported by the C17. Proper coordination and communication between the military units and the air transport personnel are crucial to determine which tanks can be loaded onto the aircraft. This requires detailed knowledge of the dimensions and weight limits of both the tank and the aircraft.
Another challenge is the loading and securing of tanks onto the C17. Tanks are heavy and require special equipment such as loading ramps and cranes to safely load them onto the aircraft. Additionally, securing the tanks properly is essential to prevent any movement or damage during the flight. This process requires well-trained personnel and adherence to established safety protocols.
Additionally, the number of tanks that can be transported in one mission is limited by the size of the cargo hold and weight restrictions. The C17 has an impressive cargo capacity, but it still has limitations. Maximizing the number of tanks that can be carried requires careful planning, considering factors such as the weight distribution of the tanks, fuel consumption, and the overall balance and stability of the aircraft.
11B. Innovations and future developments in tank transport
As technology continues to advance, innovations are being implemented to improve tank transport operations. One notable development is the use of advanced loading and securing systems that simplify and expedite the process. These systems utilize automation and computerized controls to enhance efficiency and safety.
Furthermore, research is being conducted to optimize fuel efficiency during tank transport. This includes exploring alternative fuels and developing flight planning strategies that minimize fuel consumption. By reducing fuel usage, the range and endurance of tank transport missions can be extended, increasing overall operational flexibility.
In terms of aircraft design, there is ongoing development to further enhance the cargo capacity of future military transport aircraft. This includes increased cargo hold dimensions, strengthened floors, and improved weight distribution systems. These improvements will enable the transportation of even larger and heavier tanks, expanding the capabilities of tank transport missions.
Overall, the challenges associated with tank transport continue to be addressed through innovative solutions and future developments. The military and aerospace industries are committed to improving efficiency, safety, and capacity, enabling the transport of tanks to support military operations effectively. With these advancements, tank transport will continue to play a pivotal role in modern warfare.
XComparison with Other Cargo Aircraft
A. Different cargo aircraft used for tank transport
When it comes to tank transport, the C17 Globemaster III is not the only aircraft that can handle this challenging task. There are several other cargo aircraft that are capable of carrying tanks, each with its own advantages and limitations.
One notable cargo aircraft used for tank transport is the Antonov An-124 Ruslan. This Ukrainian-made aircraft has a maximum payload capacity of 150 tons, which allows it to transport even the heaviest tanks. The An-124 features a large cargo hold and a rear ramp for easy loading and unloading.
Another cargo aircraft used for tank transport is the Boeing C-5 Galaxy. With its massive dimensions and payload capacity, the C-5 Galaxy can transport multiple tanks in a single mission. This American-made aircraft has a distinctive nose-loading feature, which allows for efficient loading and unloading of heavy cargo like tanks.
B. Advantages and disadvantages of the C17 for tank transport
While there are other cargo aircraft suitable for tank transport, the C17 Globemaster III offers several advantages that make it a preferred choice for many military operations.
One advantage of the C17 is its versatility. It can transport a wide range of tanks, including main battle tanks, armored vehicles, and self-propelled artillery. Its spacious cargo hold, measuring 88 feet long and 18 feet wide, provides ample room for multiple tanks.
Additionally, the C17’s high payload capacity of up to 170,900 pounds allows it to carry multiple tanks in a single mission, maximizing efficiency and reducing the number of aircraft required for tank transport.
Another advantage of the C17 is its ability to operate on short and unprepared runways. This capability is particularly valuable in remote and austere locations where traditional airfields may be unavailable.
However, the C17 does have some limitations for tank transport. Its cargo hold height of 12.3 feet may pose restrictions on taller tanks or vehicles. Additionally, the C17’s fuel efficiency may be lower compared to other cargo aircraft, impacting its range and mission duration.
In conclusion, while there are other cargo aircraft capable of carrying tanks, the C17 Globemaster III stands out due to its versatility, payload capacity, and ability to operate in challenging environments. Its impressive tank transport capabilities make it an invaluable asset in modern military operations.
Conclusion
Recap of the C17’s impressive tank transport capabilities
The C17 Globemaster III is an incredibly versatile and powerful aircraft, capable of carrying a wide range of cargo, including tanks. With its large cargo hold and exceptional payload capacity, the C17 is an invaluable asset in military operations.
Throughout this article, we have explored the specifications, features, and limitations of the C17, specifically focusing on its tank transport capabilities. Understanding the capacity of the C17 is crucial in planning and executing military operations that involve the transportation of tanks.
Importance of the C17 in modern military operations
The ability to transport tanks efficiently and effectively is of utmost importance in modern warfare. Tanks play a vital role in ground operations, providing firepower, protection, and mobility. Therefore, having an aircraft like the C17 that can transport tanks quickly and safely greatly enhances military capabilities.
The C17’s cargo hold, with its size and features designed to accommodate tank transportation, allows for the safe and secure loading and unloading of tanks. The aircraft’s exceptional payload capacity and fuel efficiency further contribute to its effectiveness in tank transport missions.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the C17 Globemaster III is a remarkable aircraft with impressive tank transport capabilities. Its ability to carry a significant number of tanks, along with its fuel efficiency and advanced cargo hold features, make it an invaluable asset in military operations.
The C17’s importance in modern warfare cannot be overstated. The aircraft’s capacity to transport tanks efficiently and safely enables military forces to rapidly deploy armored units to strategic locations, enhancing their combat capabilities and overall operational effectiveness.
As military operations continue to evolve, the C17’s role in tank transport is expected to remain vital. The ongoing advancements and future developments in tank transport logistics and technology will further streamline the process and enhance the C17’s capabilities.
In conclusion, the C17 Globemaster III is a game-changing aircraft that plays a pivotal role in tank transport and modern military operations as a whole. Its impressive capacity and capabilities make it an indispensable asset for military forces worldwide.