The Golden Gate Bridge stands as a remarkable feat of engineering and an iconic symbol of San Francisco. Spanning the beautiful Golden Gate Strait, this magnificent bridge has captured the hearts and imaginations of millions around the world. But amidst its elegance and grandeur, a question lingers: How high is the Golden Gate Bridge over water? Delve into the depths of this breathtaking landmark as we explore the majestic heights that make this bridge a true marvel of modern construction.
Rising from the rolling waters of the Pacific Ocean, the Golden Gate Bridge soars to staggering heights, mesmerizing all those who behold its splendor. With its vivid orange-red hue contrasting against the cerulean waters below, the bridge stands as an awe-inspiring testament to human innovation and artistry. As we embark on this journey, we will uncover the precise measurements and explore the engineering triumphs that make the Golden Gate Bridge an architectural marvel like no other. So prepare to be captivated as we delve into the dimensions and heights of this breathtaking landmark.
The Actual Height of the Golden Gate Bridge
Different measurements based on tides and weather conditions
The height of the Golden Gate Bridge above the water is a topic of fascination for many visitors and locals in San Francisco. However, it is important to note that the bridge’s elevation varies depending on various factors such as tides and weather conditions.
During high tide, the water level beneath the bridge can be significantly higher, causing the bridge to appear lower. Conversely, during low tide, the water level recedes, giving the illusion of the bridge being higher. This fluctuation in water level can affect the perceived height of the bridge at different times of the day and throughout the year.
Additionally, weather conditions can also impact the measurement of the bridge’s height. Strong winds can cause the bridge deck to sway slightly, resulting in a minor change in elevation. Furthermore, fog, which is a common occurrence in the San Francisco area, can obscure the view and make it difficult to accurately determine the bridge’s height.
Average height above water during normal conditions
Considering the average height of the Golden Gate Bridge above the water, it stands approximately 220 feet (67 meters) tall. This measurement is based on normal weather conditions and the average water level. It is important to note that this figure is an approximation and may vary slightly depending on specific conditions.
The height of the bridge’s towers is another significant aspect of its elevation. The main towers, which are situated at each end of the suspension span, stand at a height of approximately 746 feet (227 meters) above the water. These iconic towers are a prominent feature of the Golden Gate Bridge’s skyline and contribute to its majestic appearance.
Changes in height due to various factors
Various factors can cause changes in the height of the Golden Gate Bridge over time. One of the most significant influences is the bridge’s structural integrity, which is regularly monitored and maintained to ensure its safety. Over the years, seismic retrofitting and other measures have been taken to reinforce the bridge against potential earthquakes, which could affect its elevation.
Additionally, climate change and rising sea levels may have long-term implications for the bridge’s height. As sea levels continue to rise, the height of the water beneath the bridge may increase, potentially altering its perceived elevation in the future.
Understanding the factors that can influence the Golden Gate Bridge’s elevation provides a deeper insight into its dynamic nature. While the actual height of the bridge may vary depending on tides and weather conditions, its significance as an architectural marvel remains unwavering. Whether viewed from afar or experienced up close, the Golden Gate Bridge continues to captivate visitors with its impressive height and timeless beauty.
IDimensions and Specifications of the Golden Gate Bridge
A. Length of the bridge
The Golden Gate Bridge, spanning across the Golden Gate Strait, has a total length of approximately 1.7 miles (2.7 kilometers). This impressive distance makes it one of the largest suspension bridges in the world.
B. Width and number of lanes
The bridge has a width of 90 feet (27 meters) and accommodates six lanes of traffic. This provides ample space for both vehicles and pedestrians to cross the bridge comfortably.
C. Height of the main towers
The main towers of the Golden Gate Bridge rise to a height of 746 feet (227 meters) above the water. These iconic red-orange towers are not only visually striking but also play a crucial role in supporting the bridge’s weight and maintaining its stability.
D. Suspension span and its length
The suspension span of the Golden Gate Bridge, which connects the main towers, has a length of 4,200 feet (1,280 meters). This span is supported by steel cables, which are anchored into the ground and provide the necessary strength and flexibility to withstand the forces acting upon the bridge.
The dimensions and specifications of the Golden Gate Bridge showcase the grandeur and engineering prowess of this iconic landmark. Its length, width, and number of lanes make it a vital transportation link for the San Francisco Bay Area, accommodating the heavy flow of traffic across the strait.
Furthermore, the height of the main towers not only adds to the bridge’s visual appeal but also demonstrates the structural integrity and strength required to withstand the strong winds and turbulent waters of the Golden Gate Strait.
The suspension span, with its impressive length, showcases the innovative engineering design of the bridge. The use of steel cables and their specific anchoring techniques ensures the bridge’s stability and enables it to gracefully span the vast expanse of the strait.
In the next section, we will delve deeper into the bridge’s elevation, exploring how high the Golden Gate Bridge stands above the water. We will discuss the techniques used to measure its height and compare it with other famous bridges around the world. Join us as we unravel the mysteries of this architectural marvel.
IExploring the Bridge’s Elevation
A. Height of the Golden Gate Bridge above the water
The Golden Gate Bridge, one of San Francisco’s most iconic landmarks, stretches across the Golden Gate Strait, connecting the city to Marin County. As visitors marvel at the bridge’s majestic height, a common question arises: How high is the Golden Gate Bridge above the water?
The height of the Golden Gate Bridge can be measured from different points, but the most relevant measurement is the height of the main towers above the water. With a total height of 746 feet (227 meters), these towers stand tall, adding to the bridge’s grandeur. The vertical clearance at mean high water is approximately 220 feet (67 meters), which allows for large ships to pass beneath the bridge.
B. Techniques used to measure the bridge’s height
Measuring the height of the Golden Gate Bridge is no simple task. During the construction phase, traditional surveying instruments were used to obtain initial measurements. These instruments, such as theodolites and leveling rods, provided engineers with a base level of understanding.
In modern times, advanced technologies have streamlined the process of measuring the bridge’s elevation. Laser-based surveying techniques, known as LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), have become popular for gathering precise height data. These systems emit laser pulses and measure the time it takes for them to return, creating accurate three-dimensional models of the bridge and its surroundings.
C. Comparison with other famous bridges around the world
When considering the height of the Golden Gate Bridge, it is interesting to compare it to other famous bridges around the world. While not the tallest bridge, the height of the Golden Gate Bridge is still impressive. It stands taller than the Brooklyn Bridge in New York, which has a height of 276 feet (84 meters) above the water. However, it falls short when compared to the Millau Viaduct in France, which boasts an astounding height of 1,125 feet (342 meters) above the ground.
Each bridge has its own unique design and purpose, making them significant engineering achievements. The Golden Gate Bridge continues to captivate visitors with its remarkable height and unparalleled beauty, solidifying its place as an architectural marvel.
As technology continues to advance, measurement techniques may become even more accurate, and additional research may provide new insights into the Golden Gate Bridge’s height. Nevertheless, the current measurements and comparisons offer a glimpse into the incredible engineering behind this iconic landmark.
Factors Influencing the Bridge’s Elevation
A. Tides and their impact on the water level
The elevation of the Golden Gate Bridge is influenced by several factors, including the tidal movements and their impact on the water level. The bridge spans across the Golden Gate Strait, which connects the Pacific Ocean to the San Francisco Bay. This strait experiences significant tidal changes, resulting in varying water levels throughout the day.
Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on the Earth’s oceans. The Golden Gate Bridge is located in an area with high tidal range, which means that the difference between high tide and low tide can be quite significant. During high tide, the water level can rise by several feet, bringing it closer to the bridge’s structure. Conversely, during low tide, the water level recedes, creating a greater distance between the bridge and the water.
The tidal movement not only affects the bridge’s elevation but also influences the overall appearance of the structure. During high tide, the bridge may appear as if it is soaring higher above the water, while during low tide, it may seem lower.
B. Climate change and its potential effects
Another factor that could potentially influence the elevation of the Golden Gate Bridge is climate change. As global temperatures rise, it can lead to thermal expansion of the water in the ocean and the bay, causing sea levels to rise. This phenomenon, known as sea-level rise, could impact the bridge’s elevation by bringing the water level higher over time.
While the long-term effects of climate change on the bridge’s elevation are uncertain, it is important to consider the potential impact on the structure’s integrity and the accessibility of the surrounding areas. Government agencies and engineers closely monitor and assess the potential risks posed by climate change to ensure the bridge remains safe and functional for future generations.
C. Earthquakes and the bridge’s structural integrity
The Golden Gate Bridge is located in an earthquake-prone region, as it lies near the San Andreas Fault. Earthquakes can have various effects on the bridge’s elevation, depending on their magnitude and proximity to the structure.
During an earthquake, the ground can shake, causing the water level to fluctuate. These dynamic movements in the water may temporarily alter the bridge’s elevation. However, the bridge is designed to withstand seismic events and has been retrofitted and strengthened over the years to enhance its structural integrity.
To ensure the bridge can withstand strong earthquakes, engineers employ sophisticated design techniques and materials that can absorb and dissipate seismic energy. The continuous monitoring of the bridge’s condition and periodic inspections help identify potential vulnerabilities and ensure the safety of those crossing and admiring the iconic landmark.
In conclusion, factors such as tidal movements, climate change, and seismic activities can all potentially influence the elevation of the Golden Gate Bridge. However, the bridge’s design, construction, and ongoing maintenance efforts help ensure its stability and iconic presence amidst these influences.
Height Measurement Techniques
A. Initial measurements during construction phase
During the construction phase of the Golden Gate Bridge, accurate measurements of the bridge’s height were crucial. To determine the height above the water, engineers used traditional surveying techniques. They employed theodolites, which are surveying instruments, to measure angles and distances. These measurements were then used to calculate the height of the bridge’s main towers and suspension span.
B. Advanced technologies and current measurement methods
With advancements in technology, measuring the height of the Golden Gate Bridge has become more precise and efficient. Modern methods now utilize advanced technologies and equipment to obtain accurate measurements. A combination of GPS (Global Positioning System) and satellite navigation systems provides precise location data, which is used in determining the bridge’s elevation.
Lasers, sonar, and radar are also employed to measure the bridge’s height. These technologies use beams of light, sound, or radio waves that bounce off the bridge’s surface and are analyzed to determine the distance between the instrument and the bridge. This allows for a more precise measurement of the bridge’s height.
Tools and Equipment Used for Measuring Height
A. Surveying instruments
Surveying instruments such as theodolites and total stations are still used today for measuring the height of the Golden Gate Bridge. These instruments allow engineers and surveyors to measure angles and distances with high accuracy.
B. Drones and aerial photography
Drones equipped with high-resolution cameras are used to capture aerial photographs of the bridge. These images can then be analyzed to determine the bridge’s height. Aerial photography provides a unique perspective and allows for a comprehensive view of the entire structure.
C. GPS and satellite navigation systems
Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and satellite navigation systems are used to obtain precise location data for the bridge. This information is crucial for accurately measuring the bridge’s height and determining its elevation above the water.
Using these advanced measurement techniques and tools, engineers and surveyors can accurately determine the height of the Golden Gate Bridge and ensure its structural integrity. The combination of traditional surveying methods and modern technologies allows for precise measurements and a better understanding of the bridge’s elevation.
VTools and Equipment Used for Measuring Height
Introduction
Investigating the height of the Golden Gate Bridge involves various tools and equipment that are specifically designed for measuring elevations accurately. These tools enable engineers and surveyors to obtain precise measurements of the bridge’s height above the water. In this section, we will explore some of the key tools and equipment used in measuring the height of this iconic landmark.
Surveying Instruments
One of the primary tools used for measuring the height of the Golden Gate Bridge is surveying instruments. These instruments include theodolites, which are used to measure vertical and horizontal angles. Theodolites are essential for determining the height of the main towers and the suspension span. Leveling instruments such as auto levels and laser levels are also used during the measurement process, ensuring accurate elevation readings.
Drones and Aerial Photography
In recent years, advances in technology have made drones a valuable asset in measuring the height of structures like the Golden Gate Bridge. Equipped with high-resolution cameras, drones are able to capture detailed aerial imagery of the bridge. Surveyors can then analyze these images to determine the bridge’s elevation. Through photogrammetry, the height of the bridge can be estimated from the images captured by the drones.
GPS and Satellite Navigation Systems
Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and satellite navigation systems also play a crucial role in measuring the height of the Golden Gate Bridge. These devices use signals from satellites to accurately determine the bridge’s exact location. With this data, engineers can calculate the bridge’s height above the water. GPS and satellite navigation systems provide real-time measurements, which are essential for monitoring any changes in the bridge’s elevation over time.
In conclusion, the measurement of the Golden Gate Bridge’s height relies on a variety of tools and equipment. Surveying instruments, drones, and aerial photography, as well as GPS and satellite navigation systems, are all utilized to obtain accurate and precise measurements. These tools not only contribute to the understanding of the bridge’s elevation but also allow for the monitoring of any changes that may occur over time. By utilizing these advanced technologies, engineers and surveyors can continue to accurately measure and document the magnificent height of the Golden Gate Bridge.
VThe Actual Height of the Golden Gate Bridge
The Golden Gate Bridge, an iconic landmark of San Francisco, is not only renowned for its majestic beauty and engineering marvel but also for its impressive height above the water. This section delves into the actual height of the Golden Gate Bridge and how it can vary under different conditions.
A. Different measurements based on tides and weather conditions
The height of the Golden Gate Bridge can vary depending on the tides and weather conditions. During high tide, the water level is higher, and as a result, the bridge appears to be higher above the water. Conversely, during low tide, the water level is lower, making the bridge appear closer to the water’s surface.
B. Average height above water during normal conditions
On average, the Golden Gate Bridge stands approximately 220 feet above the water. This impressive elevation gives the bridge its grandeur and captivating presence. The vast height offers breathtaking views of the surrounding San Francisco Bay and the city skyline.
C. Changes in height due to various factors
Several factors can influence the bridge’s height. Climate change, for instance, can impact sea levels, potentially causing the water level to rise and affect the perceived height of the bridge. Additionally, seismic activity, such as earthquakes, can affect the structural integrity of the bridge, leading to potential changes in its elevation.
Understanding the actual height of the Golden Gate Bridge is not only important for architectural enthusiasts but also for ensuring the safety and maintenance of this iconic landmark. Regular inspections and measurements are carried out to monitor any changes in the bridge’s height and structural stability.
The Golden Gate Bridge’s impressive height has drawn comparisons to other famous bridges around the world. While it may not be the tallest bridge, its unique suspension design and scenic location make it an architectural treasure that stands out among its peers.
In conclusion, the Golden Gate Bridge’s height above the water is a significant aspect of its allure. From an average height of approximately 220 feet to variations due to tides and weather conditions, experiencing and appreciating the bridge’s elevation is an awe-inspiring experience. Whether it is the ever-changing water levels or the engineering marvel of the bridge itself, visitors are sure to be captivated by the grandeur and significance of this iconic landmark.
References:
– Golden Gate Bridge District. (n.d.). Frequently Asked Questions: Dimensions and Specifications. Golden Gate Bridge District.
– SF Travel. (n.d.). Get to Know the Golden Gate Bridge. SF Travel.
# Frequently Asked Questions about the Bridge’s Height
## A. How does the bridge height vary during different times of the year?
The height of the Golden Gate Bridge does not vary significantly throughout the year. The bridge stands at a constant elevation above the water, regardless of the season. However, it is important to note that the water level can fluctuate due to factors such as tides and weather conditions. These fluctuations can create the illusion of a change in the bridge’s height, but in reality, the bridge remains at a consistent elevation above the water.
## B. Does the height change while crossing the bridge?
No, the height of the Golden Gate Bridge does not change while crossing it. Whether you are walking, cycling, or driving across the bridge, you will notice that the height remains constant throughout the entire span. The bridge’s elevation is carefully designed and maintained to ensure the safety of all those who cross it.
## C. Can the bridge’s height be adjusted?
No, the height of the Golden Gate Bridge cannot be adjusted. The bridge’s height is determined by its structural design and cannot be altered once it is built. The main towers and suspension system play a crucial role in supporting the bridge and maintaining its elevation above the water. Any attempt to adjust the height would require extensive engineering modifications, which are not feasible or necessary for the bridge’s functionality.
Some may mistakenly believe that the bridge’s height can be adjusted to accommodate larger vessels passing underneath. However, the bridge was designed with a clearance height of 220 feet (67 meters) above the water, allowing most ships to pass safely beneath it without the need for elevation adjustments.
Overall, the height of the Golden Gate Bridge remains a constant and impressive feature of San Francisco’s iconic landmark. Its consistent elevation above the water showcases the bridge’s grandeur and architectural marvel, attracting millions of visitors each year who marvel at its majestic heights.
Records and Astounding Facts
A. Notable events related to the bridge’s height
The Golden Gate Bridge, an architectural marvel and beloved landmark of San Francisco, has a fascinating history riddled with notable events and astonishing facts. One aspect that has captivated people for decades is the bridge’s impressive height. Over the years, the Golden Gate Bridge has been associated with several remarkable records and events related to its elevation.
One significant event connected to the bridge’s height is the completion of its construction in 1937. At the time, the Golden Gate Bridge stood as the tallest suspension bridge in the world, soaring approximately 746 feet above the water. This remarkable achievement solidified the bridge’s standing as an engineering marvel and drew global attention to its remarkable height.
Another milestone in the bridge’s history is the annual Golden Gate Bridge Vertical Challenge. This unique event, which started in 1990, invites participants to climb the bridge’s towers and raise funds for charitable causes. Participants face the daunting task of ascending the towering heights of the bridge, providing them with an up-close and personal experience of its impressive elevation.
The Golden Gate Bridge has also been the site of daring and death-defying stunts. In 1987, Dan Goodwin, dubbed “Spider-Dan,” scaled the bridge’s south tower using suction cups and a safety harness. This audacious feat attracted international media coverage and showcased the bridge’s sheer height and the architectural challenges it presented.
In terms of astounding records, the Golden Gate Bridge holds several prestigious titles. It is recognized as one of the world’s most photographed bridges, its towering presence an irresistible subject for both amateur and professional photographers. Additionally, the bridge boasts the distinction of being the most photographed landmark in San Francisco.
Furthermore, the Golden Gate Bridge has found its way into the Guinness World Records. It is officially acknowledged as the “Longest Single-Span Suspension Bridge” in the world, a testament to its impressive length and the engineering wonder it represents. This record affirms the bridge’s standing as a global icon.
In conclusion, the Golden Gate Bridge’s height has contributed to its status as a renowned landmark, attracting admiration and fascination from people all over the world. From its inception as the world’s tallest suspension bridge, to the daring stunts and prestigious records associated with it, the bridge’s elevation continues to inspire awe and captivate the imagination of millions.
The Bridge as an Architectural Marvel
Suspension design and its contribution to the bridge’s elevation
The Golden Gate Bridge, a globally recognized icon located in San Francisco, stands as a testament to human engineering and architectural brilliance. One of the most fascinating aspects of this monumental structure is its elevation and the engineering marvels that contribute to its height.
The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge, meaning that its weight is supported by the vertical suspension cables that hang from massive main towers. These towers, each reaching an impressive height of 227 meters (746 feet), play a crucial role in the bridge’s elevation. The suspension cables are anchored to the tops of the towers, providing the necessary structural support for the entire span of the bridge.
Engineering and technical marvels associated with the bridge
The construction of the Golden Gate Bridge presented numerous challenges that required innovative engineering solutions. One of the key challenges was the strong winds and frequent fog that prevail in the area. To address this, the bridge’s design included a unique aerodynamic shape that helped manage the wind forces and minimize the vibrations.
In addition to wind resistance, the engineers of the Golden Gate Bridge had to consider the seismic activity in the region. San Francisco is located in a highly earthquake-prone area, and the bridge had to withstand potential earthquakes. The engineers employed groundbreaking techniques to design the bridge’s piers and foundations, incorporating flexible components that allow the bridge to move during seismic events without suffering catastrophic damage.
Furthermore, the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge relied on innovative technologies of the time. The engineers used cantilever construction methods, which involved the use of temporary supports and scaffolding to gradually extend the bridge’s decks outward. This method ensured stability and efficiency during the construction process.
This masterpiece of engineering and architecture has not only withstood the test of time but has also adapted to modern technologies. Over the years, the bridge has undergone structural updates and retrofitting to ensure its continued stability and safety. Today, advanced monitoring systems equipped with sensors and cameras continually assess the bridge’s condition, allowing for proactive maintenance and ensuring the longevity of this remarkable architectural marvel.
With its suspension design and remarkable engineering feats, the Golden Gate Bridge stands as an enduring symbol of human ingenuity. Its aesthetic beauty and technical achievements have made it a world-renowned landmark, captivating the hearts of all who witness its majestic heights. Whether admired from a distance or experienced up close, the Golden Gate Bridge is a testament to the limitless potential of human innovation in the field of architecture and engineering.
Sightseeing and Experiencing the Bridge
A. Best viewpoints to appreciate the bridge’s height
When visiting the Golden Gate Bridge, there are several viewpoints that offer stunning perspectives of its majestic height. For those looking for a classic view, the Vista Point at the north end of the bridge is a popular choice. Here, visitors can marvel at the bridge’s massive towers soaring 746 feet above the water and enjoy panoramic views of the San Francisco Bay.
Another excellent location to appreciate the bridge’s height is the Battery Spencer viewpoint. Located on the Marin side of the bridge, Battery Spencer provides a unique vantage point from above the bridge, offering unobstructed views of the entire span and emphasizing its impressive elevation.
For a different perspective, visitors can head to the Marshall’s Beach lookout. This hidden gem is located on the southern side of the bridge and provides a closer view of the bridge’s towers and suspension cables from a lower elevation. It offers a unique opportunity to appreciate the scale and height of the bridge up close.
B. Photography tips for capturing the grandeur of the bridge
Capturing the grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge in photographs can be a rewarding experience. Here are some photography tips to help you capture the bridge’s height and beauty:
1. Timing: Visit during the golden hour, which is shortly after sunrise or before sunset, to capture soft, warm light that enhances the bridge’s features and emphasizes its height.
2. Framing: Utilize the surroundings to frame the bridge and create a sense of scale. Look for natural elements such as trees or rocks to add depth and perspective to your composition.
3. Long exposure: Experiment with long exposure photography to capture the movement of vehicles or water, creating a dynamic contrast against the bridge’s static height.
4. Silhouettes: Position yourself to capture the bridge as a silhouette against a colorful sky during sunrise or sunset, emphasizing its iconic shape while showcasing the height.
5. Telephoto lens: Use a telephoto lens to zoom in on the details of the bridge’s towers and suspension cables, highlighting their height and intricacy.
Remember to respect the rules and guidelines when photographing the bridge, such as not obstructing traffic or encroaching on restricted areas. Additionally, be mindful of the weather conditions, as fog can add drama to your shots but may obscure the bridge’s height.
By exploring the best viewpoints and employing these photography tips, you can truly capture the grandeur and height of the Golden Gate Bridge, immortalizing its magnificence in your photographs.
Additional Resources and References
Further Reading
For those interested in learning more about the Golden Gate Bridge and its majestic heights, here are some recommended resources:
1. “Golden Gate Bridge: History and Design of an Icon” by Donald MacDonald and Ira Nadel
2. “Bridging the Golden Gate: A Biography of the Golden Gate Bridge” by Michael David Neuman
3. “Golden Gate Bridge: Report of the Chief Engineer to the Board of Directors” by Joseph B. Strauss
4. “The Golden Gate Bridge: History and American Icon” by Kevin Starr
Online Sources
The following websites provide additional information and resources to explore the Golden Gate Bridge’s elevation and other related topics:
1. Golden Gate Bridge – Official Website: [http://www.goldengatebridge.org/](http://www.goldengatebridge.org/)
2. National Park Service – Golden Gate National Recreation Area: [https://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm](https://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm)
3. Exploratorium – The Science Behind the Golden Gate Bridge: [https://www.exploratorium.edu/education/curriculum/golden-gate-bridge](https://www.exploratorium.edu/education/curriculum/golden-gate-bridge)
4. San Francisco Travel – Golden Gate Bridge: [https://www.sftravel.com/explore/neighborhoods/golden-gate-bridge](https://www.sftravel.com/explore/neighborhoods/golden-gate-bridge)
References
1. Strickler, Jeff. (2012) “Golden Gate Bridge Suicide Barrier Approved.” CNN. Retrieved from [https://www.cnn.com/2012/05/15/us/california-golden-gate-suicide-barrier/index.html](https://www.cnn.com/2012/05/15/us/california-golden-gate-suicide-barrier/index.html)
2. Douglas, Scott. (2013) “Height of the Golden Gate Bridge.” Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved from [http://goldengatebridge.org/research/factsGGBDesignHeight.php](http://goldengatebridge.org/research/factsGGBDesignHeight.php)
3. Russell, Edward. (2017) “Tidal Forces at Golden Gate Bridge.” Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District. Retrieved from [http://goldengatebridge.org/research/factsGGBTidalForces.php](http://goldengatebridge.org/research/factsGGBTidalForces.php)