Planting bare root trees offers a cost-effective and often more successful way to establish new trees in your landscape. However, the seemingly dormant nature of these trees can leave gardeners wondering whether their new arrivals are actually alive and capable of thriving. Determining the viability of a bare root tree requires a bit of detective work and an understanding of tree biology. This guide will provide you with the knowledge and tools to assess your bare root tree and ensure its best chance of survival.
Understanding Bare Root Trees
Bare root trees are exactly what the name implies: trees sold without soil around their roots. They are typically harvested during the dormant season (late fall to early spring) when the tree is not actively growing. This allows nurseries to ship and handle the trees with minimal damage. The advantage of bare root trees lies in their reduced cost, lighter weight, and the opportunity to inspect the root system before planting. Because they are dormant, it’s natural to question their vitality upon arrival.
The Dormancy Deception: Why Bare Root Trees Look Dead
The first impression of a bare root tree can be misleading. Branches appear lifeless, roots are exposed and dry-looking, and there’s often no sign of foliage. This is completely normal for a dormant tree. Dormancy is a survival mechanism that allows trees to withstand harsh winter conditions. During this period, the tree’s metabolism slows down significantly, and it conserves energy. This state of suspended animation makes it difficult to immediately discern life from death. It’s essential to look beyond the surface appearance and examine the tree for subtle signs of life.
Key Indicators of Life in a Bare Root Tree
While a bare root tree may not exhibit obvious signs of life, there are several telltale indicators that can help you determine its viability.
The Scratch Test: Checking Cambium Layer Health
The cambium layer is a thin layer of actively dividing cells located just beneath the bark. This layer is responsible for the tree’s growth in diameter. Checking the cambium layer is one of the most reliable ways to determine if a bare root tree is alive.
To perform the scratch test:
- Use a sharp knife or your fingernail to gently scrape away a small section of the outer bark on a branch or the trunk.
- Look for green or light cream-colored tissue beneath the bark.
- A healthy, living tree will have a moist, green cambium layer.
- If the tissue is brown, dry, and brittle, that section of the tree is likely dead. Repeat the scratch test in several locations to get a more comprehensive assessment.
If you find green cambium in at least some areas, the tree has a good chance of survival. Focus on pruning away any dead branches (identified by brown, dry cambium) to encourage new growth from the living portions of the tree.
Root Inspection: Assessing Root Health
The roots are the lifeline of the tree, providing water and nutrients. Healthy roots are crucial for the tree’s survival.
Examine the roots carefully.
- Healthy roots should be pliable and firm to the touch.
- They should be light brown or tan in color on the inside when scratched lightly.
- Avoid trees with roots that are brittle, dry, or black and mushy, as these are signs of dead or diseased roots.
- Snip off a small root and look at the cross-section. Living roots will have a ring of lighter tissue around the core. Dead roots will be uniformly dark.
If the roots appear dry, soak them in water for 12-24 hours before planting. This will help rehydrate them and improve their chances of establishing successfully. If a large portion of the root system is dead, the tree’s chances of survival are significantly reduced.
Bud Inspection: Looking for Signs of Dormant Life
Buds are the undeveloped leaves, flowers, or shoots of the tree. Inspecting the buds can provide clues about the tree’s viability, although this method is not as definitive as the scratch test or root inspection.
- Look for plump, firm buds.
- Avoid buds that are shriveled, dry, or easily crumble.
- Gently squeeze a bud. A live bud will feel firm and resilient, while a dead bud will feel soft and hollow.
Keep in mind that some buds may be naturally smaller or less developed than others. Focus on the overall appearance and condition of the buds rather than relying on a single bud to make your assessment.
The Bend Test: Assessing Branch Flexibility
The bend test can help assess the overall moisture content and flexibility of the branches.
- Gently bend a small branch.
- A live branch will be flexible and bend without snapping easily.
- A dead branch will be brittle and snap easily.
This test is more reliable on smaller branches. Larger branches may be naturally less flexible.
Moisture Content: The Overall Feel of the Tree
The overall moisture content of the tree can also provide clues about its viability.
- The tree should feel slightly moist to the touch, not bone dry.
- Dryness is a significant concern and can indicate that the tree has not been properly stored or has been damaged during shipping.
- If the tree feels extremely dry, soak the roots in water for 12-24 hours before planting, even if other indicators seem positive.
Factors That Can Affect Bare Root Tree Survival
Several factors can influence the survival rate of bare root trees, regardless of their initial viability.
Proper Storage: Preventing Desiccation
Bare root trees are susceptible to desiccation (drying out) if they are not stored properly.
- Upon arrival, immediately inspect the tree and rehydrate the roots by soaking them in water.
- If you are not ready to plant immediately, store the tree in a cool, dark place with high humidity.
- Wrap the roots in moist burlap or newspaper to prevent them from drying out.
- Avoid storing the tree in direct sunlight or in a warm environment, as this can cause the buds to break dormancy prematurely.
Planting Depth and Technique: Ensuring Root Establishment
Proper planting depth and technique are crucial for successful establishment.
- Dig a hole that is wide enough to accommodate the roots without crowding them.
- The planting depth should be such that the top of the root flare (where the roots begin to spread out from the trunk) is level with the soil surface.
- Avoid planting too deep, as this can lead to root rot.
- Backfill the hole with soil, gently tamping it down to remove air pockets.
- Water thoroughly after planting.
Watering and Mulching: Providing Essential Support
Adequate watering and mulching are essential for helping the tree establish itself.
- Water the tree regularly, especially during dry periods.
- Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the tree to help retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature.
- Avoid piling mulch directly against the trunk, as this can create a favorable environment for pests and diseases.
Protection from Pests and Diseases: Maintaining Tree Health
Protecting the tree from pests and diseases is important for long-term health.
- Inspect the tree regularly for signs of pests or diseases.
- Take appropriate action to control any infestations or infections.
- Consider using tree guards to protect the trunk from rodents and other animals.
Choosing the Right Tree for Your Location: Matching Needs and Environment
Selecting a tree species that is well-suited to your climate and soil conditions is critical for its long-term survival.
- Research the specific needs of the tree you are planting and ensure that your location provides the necessary sunlight, water, and soil conditions.
- Consider the tree’s mature size and avoid planting it in a location where it will eventually outgrow its space.
When to Seek Professional Advice
While this guide provides comprehensive information on assessing bare root trees, there are times when seeking professional advice from an arborist or experienced horticulturalist is recommended.
- If you are unsure about the viability of your tree after performing the tests described above.
- If you notice signs of disease or pest infestation.
- If the tree fails to thrive after planting, despite your best efforts.
A professional can provide a more thorough assessment of the tree’s condition and recommend appropriate treatment options.
The Waiting Game: Patience is Key
Even if your bare root tree appears to be alive and healthy, it may take some time for it to show signs of growth. Be patient and continue to provide proper care. It is possible that your bare root tree will be slow to leaf out, it may take an entire growing season or longer to fully establish itself. Don’t be discouraged if you don’t see immediate results. With proper care and a bit of luck, your bare root tree will thrive and provide beauty and enjoyment for many years to come. Remember that successful planting is an investment in the future. Your effort to ensure the tree’s viability is worthwhile.
How can I tell if my bare root tree is still alive when I first receive it?
When you first receive a bare root tree, carefully inspect the roots and the trunk. The roots should be pliable and slightly moist, not brittle and completely dried out. A healthy bare root tree will also have buds that are plump and firm, rather than shriveled or discolored. Gently scrape a small area of the bark on a twig – if you see green tissue underneath, the tree is likely still alive.
Avoid trees with a sour or moldy smell, as this indicates decay. If the roots are brittle and snap easily when bent, it’s a sign they’ve dried out and the tree may not be viable. Similarly, if the buds are easily knocked off or appear lifeless, the tree might be dead. Contact the nursery or supplier immediately if you suspect the tree arrived in poor condition.
What are the best ways to store a bare root tree if I can’t plant it immediately?
If you can’t plant your bare root tree right away, proper storage is crucial to its survival. The best method is to “heel in” the tree. Find a shaded spot in your garden and dig a trench large enough to accommodate the roots. Place the tree in the trench, covering the roots completely with soil and watering thoroughly to keep them moist. This will protect them from drying out.
Alternatively, you can store the tree in a cool, dark, and humid environment. Wrap the roots in damp burlap, newspaper, or peat moss, and then place the entire package in a plastic bag. Leave the bag slightly open to allow for some air circulation and store it in a refrigerator or unheated garage where temperatures remain between 32°F and 40°F. Check the moisture level of the wrapping material regularly and re-moisten as needed.
How long can a bare root tree typically survive before planting?
The survival time of a bare root tree before planting depends on storage conditions. If stored properly, as described above, a bare root tree can usually survive for a few weeks before planting. However, the sooner you plant it, the better its chances of thriving. Ideally, planting should occur within a week of receiving the tree.
If you need to store the tree for longer, you should periodically inspect the roots for signs of drying or mold. Re-moisten the wrapping material as needed and consider transplanting the tree into a large pot with soil if you anticipate a significant delay in planting. This will provide the roots with more support and nutrients while you wait for the ideal planting conditions.
What are the signs that a bare root tree is dead after planting?
After planting, monitoring your bare root tree for signs of life is crucial. One of the most telling signs of a dead tree is the lack of bud swell or leaf development during the growing season. Healthy trees will typically show signs of growth within a few weeks of planting, depending on the species and environmental conditions. Look for swelling buds, the emergence of new leaves, or the extension of existing shoots.
Another way to check is by performing a scratch test on various branches. Gently scrape away a small section of the outer bark. If you see green tissue underneath, that part of the tree is still alive. Brown and brittle tissue indicates that the branch is dead. Also, check the overall appearance of the tree. If the branches are completely dry, brittle, and easily snap, it’s unlikely the tree is still alive.
What environmental factors can impact the survival of a bare root tree?
Several environmental factors can significantly impact the survival of a bare root tree. Water availability is paramount. Newly planted bare root trees require consistent watering to establish their root systems. Insufficient water can lead to dehydration and ultimately, death. Conversely, overwatering can cause root rot, also proving fatal. Proper soil drainage is key to preventing this.
Extreme temperatures, both hot and cold, can also harm bare root trees. Late frosts can damage new growth, while scorching summer heat can stress the tree before it is well-established. Protecting the tree from strong winds is also important, as they can dry out the roots and destabilize the newly planted tree. Mulching around the base of the tree helps retain moisture, regulate soil temperature, and suppress weeds that compete for resources.
How can I improve the chances of my bare root tree surviving after planting?
To greatly increase the survival rate of your bare root tree after planting, ensure proper planting depth and technique. The root flare (where the trunk widens into the roots) should be slightly exposed above the soil line. Dig a hole twice as wide as the root system, but no deeper. Gently spread out the roots in the hole and backfill with soil, tamping lightly to eliminate air pockets.
Regular watering is essential, especially during the first few weeks after planting. Water deeply and less frequently, allowing the soil to dry slightly between waterings. Applying a layer of mulch around the base of the tree will help retain moisture and suppress weeds. Consider using a tree stake to provide support and protect the tree from strong winds. Finally, avoid fertilizing the tree during the first year, as this can hinder root development.
What are some common mistakes that can lead to the death of a bare root tree?
One common mistake is allowing the bare root tree to dry out before planting. The roots are very vulnerable to desiccation, so it’s crucial to keep them moist from the moment you receive the tree until it’s planted. Another mistake is planting the tree too deep. Burying the root flare can suffocate the roots and lead to rot. Always ensure the root flare is slightly above the soil line.
Improper watering is another frequent culprit. Underwatering can cause the roots to dry out, while overwatering can lead to root rot. It’s essential to find the right balance. Neglecting to protect the tree from pests and diseases can also be detrimental. Regularly inspect your tree for any signs of infestation or disease and take appropriate action. Furthermore, failure to provide adequate support, such as staking, can make the tree vulnerable to wind damage.