Norway, with its breathtaking landscapes and rich cultural heritage, has captivated the hearts of many. From its deep fjords to its towering mountains, this Nordic nation has a unique allure that attracts people from all corners of the globe. And one aspect that adds to the charm of Norway is its distinct accent.
Mastering a Norwegian accent can be a delightful way to immerse oneself in the vibrant Norwegian culture and language. Whether you are an aspiring actor or simply someone who appreciates the beauty of accents, learning to do a Norwegian accent with ease can open up a world of possibilities. In this article, we will explore the key elements of the Norwegian accent and provide tips on how to master it, allowing you to add an authentic touch to your interactions with Norwegians or bring to life the characters you portray on stage or screen. So, let’s embark on this linguistic journey and unlock the secrets of the Norwegian accent together.
Understanding the Norwegian Accent
A. History and background of the Norwegian accent
To truly master the charm of a Norwegian accent, it is essential to understand its history and background. The Norwegian accent is shaped by the rich cultural heritage and linguistic traditions of Norway. Norway, known for its stunning landscapes and deep fjords, has a distinct linguistic identity that sets it apart from other Scandinavian countries.
Historically, Norway was influenced by the Danish language due to its union with Denmark for over four centuries. This led to a significant Danish influence on the Norwegian language and subsequently on the Norwegian accent. However, in the 19th century, there was a focused effort to promote the use of Norwegian and revitalize the language, leading to the development of a more independent Norwegian accent.
B. Key features and characteristics of a Norwegian accent
The Norwegian accent is known for its melodic and rhythmic quality. It is often described as having a sing-song pattern with a gentle rise and fall in intonation. Norwegian speakers tend to have elongated vowels and a softer articulation of consonants compared to other accents.
One key feature of the Norwegian accent is the pronunciation of the “r” sound. In Norwegian, the “r” is often rolled or trilled, giving it a distinctive and vibrant quality. Additionally, Norwegian speakers tend to have a prominent “sh” sound, replacing the “s” sound in certain words.
Another characteristic of the Norwegian accent is its tendency to merge certain vowel sounds. For example, the “a” and “o” sounds can sometimes blend together, resulting in a unique pronunciation that differs from other languages.
C. Common mistakes to avoid when trying to do a Norwegian accent
When attempting a Norwegian accent, it is important to avoid certain common mistakes that can make your accent sound unnatural. One mistake to avoid is overemphasizing the “r” sound, as this can make your accent sound exaggerated and artificial. Instead, aim for a subtle and natural rolling of the “r” sound.
Another mistake to avoid is mispronouncing the vowel sounds. It is important to pay attention to the specific pronunciation of each vowel in Norwegian, as even slight deviations can significantly alter the meaning of words.
Additionally, be mindful of the rhythm and intonation patterns of the Norwegian accent. While it is important to embrace the melodic quality of the accent, excessive use of rising and falling intonations can make your accent sound forced. Strive for a balanced and authentic rhythm that captures the essence of Norwegian speech.
By understanding the history and key features of the Norwegian accent and being aware of common mistakes, you are on your way to mastering the charm of the Norwegian accent. So, let’s dive further into the intricacies of the accent by exploring the phonetic sounds used in Norwegian in the next section.
IPhonetic Sounds in Norwegian
A. Overview of the different phonetic sounds used in the Norwegian language
Understanding the phonetic sounds used in the Norwegian language is crucial when trying to master a Norwegian accent. Norwegian has a rich inventory of sounds, some of which may be unfamiliar to non-native speakers. It is important to familiarize yourself with these sounds in order to accurately reproduce them.
Norwegian has three extra vowels compared to English: æ, ø, and å. The æ sound is similar to the “a” sound in “bad,” the ø sound is similar to the “u” sound in “burn,” and the å sound is similar to the “o” sound in “born.” Mastering these vowel sounds will go a long way in achieving a convincing Norwegian accent.
Additionally, Norwegian has some unique consonant sounds. One example is the “skj” sound, which is a combination of “sh” and “y” sounds. It can be found in words like “skjønn” (beautiful) and “skjære” (cut). Another important consonant sound is the rolled “r,” which is common in Norwegian speech. Practice rolling your “r” to sound more authentic.
B. Pronunciation tips for vowels and consonants in a Norwegian accent
To accurately pronounce the vowels in a Norwegian accent, it is important to pay attention to the length and quality of each vowel sound. Norwegian vowels can be short or long, and the length can change the meaning of a word. For example, “sitte” means “to sit,” while “sitte” with a longer vowel means “to realize.”
When pronouncing consonants in a Norwegian accent, it is important to focus on clarity and precision. Pay attention to the aspiration of certain consonants like “p” and “t.” They are pronounced with a stronger puff of air compared to English. Additionally, make sure to fully pronounce all the consonants, as Norwegian does not have many silent letters.
It is also worth mentioning the importance of intonation in Norwegian. Norwegian has a distinctive melodic pattern, with a rise and fall in pitch that helps convey meaning. Practice mimicking this intonation pattern to sound more like a native Norwegian speaker.
By understanding and practicing the phonetic sounds of Norwegian, you will be on your way to mastering the Norwegian accent. Pay attention to the unique vowel and consonant sounds, and focus on the length, quality, and intonation patterns. With practice and dedication, you can achieve a natural and authentic Norwegian accent.
RecommendedRhythm and Intonation
A. Explanation of the distinct rhythm and intonation patterns in Norwegian speech
In order to truly master the Norwegian accent, it is crucial to understand the distinct rhythm and intonation patterns that are characteristic of the language. Norwegian speech has a melodic quality, with a sing-song rhythm that sets it apart from other accents.
Norwegian is a pitch-accent language, meaning that the pitch contour of a word can change its meaning. This means that proper intonation is key to conveying the intended message. The melody of Norwegian speech follows a rising and falling pattern, with a rising tone at the end of statements and a falling tone at the end of questions.
Furthermore, Norwegian speech has a tendency to glide between sounds, creating a smooth and flowing delivery. It is important to pay attention to these gliding movements when practicing the accent, as they contribute to its distinct charm.
B. Techniques to mimic the rhythmic flow of Norwegian speakers
To successfully mimic the rhythmic flow of Norwegian speakers, it is helpful to practice listening to and imitating native Norwegian speakers. Pay close attention to the rise and fall of their intonation patterns, and try to replicate these patterns in your own speech.
Additionally, focus on the pace and speed of Norwegian speech. Norwegians tend to speak at a slower pace compared to other languages, allowing for a more relaxed delivery. Try to consciously slow down your speech and maintain a steady rhythm to achieve a more authentic Norwegian accent.
Another effective technique is to practice reading Norwegian texts out loud. Choose materials that showcase the natural rhythm and intonation of the language, such as poems or songs. By repeatedly reading and imitating these texts, you can internalize the rhythmic flow of Norwegian speech and improve your accent.
Lastly, recording and listening to your own speech can be a valuable tool for refining your rhythm and intonation. Pay attention to any areas where your speech may sound rushed or uneven, and make adjustments accordingly. With practice and persistence, you can develop a natural and captivating Norwegian accent.
Overall, mastering the rhythm and intonation of the Norwegian accent is an essential step in achieving an authentic delivery. By understanding and incorporating the melodic quality of the language, you can enhance your overall accent and truly capture the charm of Norwegian speech.
Vocabulary and Common Expressions
Introduction to common Norwegian words and phrases
In order to truly master the charm of the Norwegian accent, it is important to not only focus on pronunciation and rhythm, but also to incorporate common Norwegian words and expressions into your speech. These words and phrases not only add authenticity to your accent, but also provide a deeper understanding of Norwegian culture and language.
Tips on incorporating these words and phrases into your speech to enhance authenticity
To effectively incorporate Norwegian vocabulary into your speech, it is essential to understand the correct pronunciation and usage of these words and phrases. Here are some tips to help you enhance the authenticity of your Norwegian accent:
1. Start with the basics: Begin by learning common greetings and pleasantries such as “hei” (hello), “takk” (thank you), and “ha det bra” (goodbye). Practice pronouncing these words with the correct Norwegian accent.
2. Expand your vocabulary: Gradually learn and incorporate additional vocabulary related to your interests and daily activities. For example, if you enjoy outdoor activities, learn words like “fjell” (mountain) or “skog” (forest).
3. Pay attention to idiomatic expressions: Idiomatic expressions are a key aspect of any language, and Norwegian is no exception. Familiarize yourself with popular expressions such as “det er bare tull” (it’s just nonsense) or “ta det med en klype salt” (take it with a pinch of salt), and practice using them in context.
4. Practice conversational phrases: Learning common phrases used in everyday conversations will greatly enhance the authenticity of your Norwegian accent. Practice phrases like “hvordan har du det?” (how are you?), “unnskyld, hvor er nærmeste busstopp?” (excuse me, where is the nearest bus stop?), or “kan du hjelpe meg?” (can you help me?).
5. Listen to native speakers: One effective way to improve your accent and vocabulary is to listen to native Norwegian speakers. Pay close attention to their pronunciation, intonation, and use of different words and phrases. This will help you develop a more natural and authentic Norwegian accent.
By incorporating common Norwegian words and expressions into your speech, you not only enhance the authenticity of your accent, but also deepen your understanding and connection to the Norwegian language and culture. Practice regularly, seek feedback from native speakers, and embrace the charm of the Norwegian accent as you continue on your journey to mastery.
Word Stress and Sentence Stress
A. Detailed explanation of word stress in Norwegian and its impact on pronunciation
Word stress is an essential aspect of Norwegian pronunciation that greatly influences the overall sound and rhythm of the language. In Norwegian, word stress is usually placed on the first syllable of a word. Understanding and correctly applying word stress is crucial for achieving an authentic Norwegian accent.
Native Norwegian speakers naturally emphasize the stressed syllable, which gives their speech a distinct cadence. Incorrectly stressing syllables can make your accent sound unnatural and unfamiliar. It is therefore important to master the correct word stress patterns in Norwegian.
One of the keys to identifying the stressed syllable in a word is to understand the concept of the pitch accent. Norwegian has a tonal pitch accent system, where the pitch rises and falls on the stressed syllable. The pitch accent can significantly affect the meaning of words, so it’s essential to pay attention to it when practicing your accent.
B. Techniques to correctly emphasize stressed syllables in sentences for a natural Norwegian accent
To accurately emphasize stressed syllables in sentences, it is crucial to understand the context and meaning of the words you are using. Here are some techniques to help you correctly apply word stress in your Norwegian accent:
1. Vocabulary and word stress: Familiarize yourself with commonly used Norwegian words and their stress patterns. Pay attention to the position of the stress in each word and practice saying them aloud. This will help you internalize the correct stress patterns and improve your overall pronunciation.
2. Practice sentence stress: In addition to word stress, Norwegian also has sentence stress. This means that within a sentence, certain words or phrases are naturally given more emphasis or prominence. Mimicking this sentence-level stress will further enhance the authenticity of your Norwegian accent. Listen to native speakers and pay attention to the way they emphasize certain words in sentences.
3. Record and analyze your speech: Use recording devices or apps to capture your own voice as you practice speaking in a Norwegian accent. Listen back to your recordings and compare them to recordings of native speakers. Pay attention to the stress patterns and adjust your pronunciation accordingly.
4. Seek feedback: It is highly beneficial to seek feedback from native Norwegian speakers or language experts. They can provide insights into specific areas where you may be misplacing word stress and offer guidance on how to improve.
Remember, mastering word stress is an ongoing process that requires consistent practice. The more you familiarize yourself with the patterns and nuances of Norwegian pronunciation, the more natural and authentic your accent will become.
Minimal Pairs and Distinguishing Sounds
A. Understanding minimal pairs and their role in distinguishing sounds
In order to truly master a Norwegian accent, it is crucial to have a thorough understanding of the unique sounds of the language. One effective technique for honing your pronunciation skills is working with minimal pairs. Minimal pairs are words that differ in only one sound, such as “ship” and “sheep” in English. By focusing on these subtle differences, you can train your ear to distinguish and reproduce the distinct sounds of Norwegian.
B. Exercises and practice techniques to master the distinctions
Engaging in exercises and practice techniques that target minimal pairs can greatly enhance your ability to differentiate similar sounds in Norwegian. Here are some strategies to try:
1. Minimal Pair Pronunciation: Create a list of minimal pairs in Norwegian that pose difficulties for you. Practice saying each pair out loud, paying close attention to the specific sounds that distinguish them. Record yourself and compare your pronunciation to that of native speakers.
2. Listening Exercises: Find recordings or podcasts featuring Norwegian speakers and focus on first identifying the minimal pairs present in their speech. As you become more attuned to these distinctions, attempt to imitate the sounds and accurately reproduce them in your own speech.
3. Written Practice: Write out sentences using the minimal pair words you have been practicing. Pay attention to the context and meaning of the words to ensure you are using them correctly. Read the sentences aloud, emphasizing the distinguishing sounds. This exercise will help solidify your understanding of the distinctions and their appropriate usage.
4. Peer Feedback: Seek out a language partner or native Norwegian speaker who can provide feedback on your pronunciation. Share your minimal pair exercises with them and ask for their input on how well you have distinguished the sounds. Their guidance and correction will be incredibly valuable in refining your accent.
Remember, the goal is not to simply hear the differences between sounds, but to accurately reproduce them in your own speech. Consistent practice and focused attention to minimal pairs will gradually sharpen your ear and improve your ability to emulate authentic Norwegian pronunciation.
By incorporating these exercises into your language learning routine, you will develop a heightened awareness of the nuances in Norwegian phonetics and gradually perfect your ability to distinguish between similar sounds. With dedicated practice and perseverance, you will soon master the art of a Norwegian accent and impress both native speakers and fellow language enthusiasts alike.
Native Speaker Recordings
A. Importance of listening to and imitating native Norwegian speakers
To truly master a Norwegian accent, it is crucial to listen to and imitate native Norwegian speakers. Just like with any language, hearing the sounds and rhythms of native speakers is invaluable in learning to replicate their accents accurately. By immersing yourself in the natural cadence and intonation patterns of Norwegian speech, you will develop a better understanding of how to sound authentic when speaking in a Norwegian accent.
Listening to native speakers also provides an opportunity to absorb the nuances and subtleties of pronunciation. It allows you to pick up on commonly used expressions, phrasings, and vocabulary specific to Norwegian culture. Whether it’s the way they roll their “r”s or slight variations in vowel sounds, imitating native speakers will help you internalize the unique characteristics of a Norwegian accent.
B. Recommended resources for finding audio recordings or podcasts featuring Norwegian speakers
There are several resources available to help you access audio recordings or podcasts featuring native Norwegian speakers. These resources can be immensely helpful in improving your understanding of the Norwegian accent:
1. Language Learning Apps: Many language learning apps offer audio lessons or conversations featuring native speakers of different languages, including Norwegian. Apps such as Duolingo, Babbel, and Rosetta Stone provide interactive audio exercises that allow you to immerse yourself in the language and accent.
2. Online Language Courses: Online language courses often include audio components that feature native Norwegian speakers. These courses may provide dialogue practice, listening exercises, and cultural insights alongside the audio recordings.
3. Language Learning Websites: Websites like FluentU, NorwegianClass101, and Memrise provide audio lessons, videos, and interactive exercises that feature native speakers of Norwegian. These resources can be useful in providing exposure to authentic Norwegian speech patterns and vocabulary.
4. Norwegian Radio and Podcasts: Listening to Norwegian radio stations or subscribing to Norwegian podcasts is an excellent way to expose yourself to spoken Norwegian. NRK and P4 are popular Norwegian radio stations that offer online streaming, while podcasts like “Norsk på 1-2-3” and “Språkteigen” focus specifically on teaching Norwegian language and pronunciation.
Remember to actively listen and repeat phrases aloud as you follow along with the recordings. Pay close attention to pronunciation, accentuation, and overall rhythm. Consistently listening to and imitating native Norwegian speakers will greatly improve your ability to master the charm of a Norwegian accent.
Cultural Context
A. Brief overview of Norwegian culture and how it influences speech patterns
Norwegian culture plays a significant role in shaping the speech patterns and accents of its people. Understanding the cultural context is crucial for mastering a Norwegian accent with ease.
In Norwegian culture, there is a strong emphasis on equality and egalitarianism. This egalitarian ethos extends to language as well. Norwegians value straightforwardness and frankness in communication, often favoring directness over ambiguity. This cultural trait is reflected in the Norwegian accent, which tends to have a clean and clear pronunciation.
Furthermore, Norwegian society places a high value on nature and the outdoors. This love for nature and the environment often seeps into conversations, with Norwegians frequently using nature-related metaphors and expressions. Incorporating these expressions into your speech can not only enhance the authenticity of your accent but also help you connect with Norwegian culture on a deeper level.
B. Insights into Norwegian manners and customs that can further enhance your accent
To truly master a Norwegian accent, it is important to consider Norwegian manners and customs. Norwegians value politeness, respect, and egalitarianism in their interactions.
When speaking in a Norwegian accent, it is important to maintain an appropriate level of politeness and formality. Use the appropriate greetings, such as “god dag” (good day) or “hei” (hi), and address people respectfully using “du” (informal) or “De” (formal). By adopting these cultural norms, you can further enhance the authenticity of your Norwegian accent.
Social settings and customs also influence speech patterns in Norwegian. Norwegians tend to engage in more subdued conversations and avoid overt displays of emotion, especially in public. Modulating your tone and volume to reflect this cultural norm can make your accent more realistic and natural.
In addition, Norwegians appreciate punctuality and value timeliness. Keeping this in mind while practicing your accent will help you align with Norwegian cultural expectations and further refine your speech patterns.
To truly embrace the charm of the Norwegian accent, it is essential to immerse yourself in Norwegian culture. Engage in conversations with native Norwegian speakers, explore Norwegian literature and media, and visit Norway if possible. By understanding the cultural nuances and customs, you can develop a more authentic and nuanced Norwegian accent.
Remember, mastering a Norwegian accent is not just about phonetics and pronunciation; it is about capturing the essence of the Norwegian culture and embracing its unique charm in your speech. Practice diligently, seek feedback from native speakers, and enjoy the journey of mastering the Norwegian accent.
Role Play and Dialogue Practice
A. Suggestions for engaging in role play scenarios to practice your Norwegian accent
Engaging in role play scenarios is an effective way to practice and refine your Norwegian accent. By immersing yourself in different situations, you can familiarize yourself with the intonation patterns, vocabulary, and mannerisms of Norwegian speakers. Here are some suggestions for role play scenarios to enhance your accent:
1. Ordering at a Norwegian café: Pretend to be a customer at a café and practice ordering in Norwegian. Use phrases like “Jeg vil gjerne ha en kaffe” (I would like a coffee) or “Kan jeg få en bolle, takk?” (Can I have a bun, please?). Focus on pronouncing the words accurately and imitating the rhythm and intonation of a native speaker.
2. Asking for directions: Imagine you are lost in the streets of Oslo and need help finding a specific location. Role play asking for directions in Norwegian, using phrases such as “Unnskyld, vet du hvor Rådhuset er?” (Excuse me, do you know where the City Hall is?). Pay attention to the pronunciation of place names and practice replicating the Norwegian accent.
3. Making small talk: Practice having casual conversations with a Norwegian friend or partner. Talk about everyday topics like the weather, hobbies, or favorite activities. Incorporate common Norwegian expressions like “Hvordan har du det?” (How are you?) or “Det ser bra ut!” (That looks good!). Focus on mastering the relaxed and informal tone of everyday conversation.
B. Sample dialogues for conversation practice with a Norwegian accent
To further develop your Norwegian accent, it can be helpful to practice specific dialogues. Here are some sample dialogues that you can use for conversation practice:
Dialogue 1: Meeting a Friend
Person A: Hei! Hvordan har du det?
Person B: Hei! Jeg har det bra, takk! Hvordan har du det?
Person A: Jeg har det også bra. Skal vi gå en tur?
Person B: Ja, det høres godt ut! Hvor vil du gå?
Dialogue 2: Ordering Food
Person A: Hei! Kan jeg få menyen, takk?
Person B: Ja, selvfølgelig! Vil du ha noe å drikke?
Person A: Ja, jeg vil gjerne ha en vann med is. Og en pasta carbonara, takk.
Person B: Kommer straks!
Make sure to listen to native speakers to familiarize yourself with the correct pronunciation and intonation. Practice these dialogues with a language partner or record yourself speaking and compare it to native speaker recordings. Seek feedback from native Norwegian speakers to refine your accent and work on improving any areas of difficulty.
Remember, mastering a Norwegian accent takes time and practice. Embrace the charm of the Norwegian language and enjoy the process of learning. With dedication and persistence, you can achieve a natural and authentic Norwegian accent.
Seeking Feedback and Refinement
A. Importance of seeking feedback from native Norwegian speakers
In order to truly master a Norwegian accent, it is crucial to seek feedback from native Norwegian speakers. While you may have diligently practiced and studied the various aspects of the accent, only a native speaker can provide the nuanced guidance and corrections needed to achieve a truly authentic Norwegian sound.
Native speakers can help identify any lingering pronunciation errors or inconsistencies that may be difficult for a non-native speaker to detect. They can also provide valuable insight into the subtle intonation patterns and rhythm that characterize Norwegian speech. By receiving feedback from native speakers, you can take your accent to the next level and ensure you are accurately emulating the sound of a Norwegian.
B. Tips for refining and improving your Norwegian accent over time
1. Engage in conversation: Actively seek out opportunities to converse with native Norwegian speakers. This could be through language exchange programs, online forums, or social events. Speaking with native speakers will not only allow you to practice your accent but also give you exposure to the natural flow of the language.
2. Record yourself: Utilize audio or video recording tools to capture your own speech. Compare it to recordings of native Norwegian speakers to identify areas for improvement. Pay close attention to your pronunciation of specific sounds, rhythm, and intonation patterns.
3. Embrace constructive criticism: When receiving feedback from native speakers, approach it with an open mind and a willingness to learn. Embrace their suggestions and make note of any recurring mistakes or areas that need improvement. Additionally, make use of language learning platforms or online communities where you can receive feedback from native speakers.
4. Practice regularly: Consistency is key when it comes to refining your accent. Set aside dedicated practice time each day to work on your Norwegian accent. Whether it’s reading aloud, engaging in conversation, or practicing dialogues, the more you practice, the more natural and authentic your accent will become.
5. Immerse yourself in Norwegian culture: Immerse yourself in Norwegian literature, music, films, and TV shows to further familiarize yourself with the language and culture. This exposure will enhance your understanding of the nuances of Norwegian speech and help you develop a more authentic accent.
Remember, mastering a Norwegian accent takes time and dedication. Be patient with yourself and celebrate your progress along the way. By seeking feedback and refining your skills, you can confidently embrace the charm of the Norwegian accent and communicate in a manner that reflects your dedication to the language.
Conclusion
A. Recap of key tips and techniques for mastering a Norwegian accent
In this comprehensive guide, we have explored the essential aspects of mastering the charm of a Norwegian accent. By following the tips and techniques outlined throughout this article, you can enhance your proficiency and authenticity in speaking with a Norwegian accent.
To recap, here are the key tips and techniques covered:
1. Understanding the Norwegian Accent: Gain insights into the history, background, and key features of the Norwegian accent. By understanding its uniqueness, you can better embody its characteristics.
2. Phonetic Sounds in Norwegian: Familiarize yourself with the different phonetic sounds used in the Norwegian language, especially focusing on vowels and consonants. Practice their pronunciation to refine your accent.
3. Rhythm and Intonation: Master the distinct rhythm and intonation patterns of Norwegians. By adopting their rhythmic flow, your accent will become more natural and authentic.
4. Vocabulary and Common Expressions: Incorporate common Norwegian words and phrases into your speech to enhance the authenticity of your accent. Practice using them in different contexts to improve fluency.
5. Word Stress and Sentence Stress: Understand the impact of word stress on Norwegian pronunciation. Learn the techniques to emphasize stressed syllables in sentences for a more natural accent.
6. Minimal Pairs and Distinguishing Sounds: Differentiate similar sounds in Norwegian by practicing with minimal pairs. By mastering these distinctions, your accent will become more accurate.
7. Native Speaker Recordings: Listen to and imitate native Norwegian speakers to further enhance your accent. Utilize recommended resources such as audio recordings or podcasts featuring Norwegian speakers.
8. Cultural Context: Gain brief insights into Norwegian culture and how it influences speech patterns. Understanding Norwegian manners and customs can further enhance the naturalness of your accent.
B. Encouragement to practice and embrace the charm of the Norwegian accent
Mastering a foreign accent takes time, practice, and dedication. Embrace the charm of the Norwegian accent and immerse yourself in the language and culture. Seek feedback from native Norwegian speakers to refine and improve your accent over time.
Remember, your goal is not to mimic or mock, but rather to respectfully and authentically embody the beauty and uniqueness of the Norwegian accent. Practice regularly and don’t be afraid to make mistakes. With patience and perseverance, you will gradually develop a captivating Norwegian accent that will impress and connect with native speakers.