How Much Does a Brick of Cocaine Cost: Understanding the Price of Illegal Drugs

Illegal drug trade is a global issue that poses a monumental challenge to law enforcement agencies and society as a whole. Among these illicit substances, cocaine stands out as one of the most widely consumed and trafficked drugs. But have you ever wondered how much a brick of cocaine costs? Understanding the price dynamics behind illegal drugs is crucial to comprehending the complexities of the drug trade and its societal impact. This article delves into the factors influencing the cost of cocaine, shedding light on the supply and demand dynamics that dictate its value in the illicit market. By exploring this topic, we aim to provide a deeper understanding of the economic forces at play in the world of illegal drugs.

Overview of cocaine

Cocaine, a powerful stimulant drug, is derived from the leaves of the coca plant that is native to South America. It has a long history of use, primarily for its stimulant and euphoric effects. The drug works by increasing levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward, in the brain.

Cocaine is commonly found in the form of a white powder, known as cocaine hydrochloride. This is the most commonly used form of the drug and is typically snorted or dissolved in water and injected. However, cocaine can also be transformed into other forms, such as crack cocaine or freebase cocaine.

Crack cocaine:

Crack cocaine is created by combining cocaine hydrochloride with baking soda or ammonia and boiling it until it forms solid rocks or crystals. The rocks are then dried and broken into small pieces that can be smoked. Crack cocaine is known for its intense and immediate effects, which are shorter-lasting compared to cocaine hydrochloride.

Freebase cocaine:

Freebase cocaine is another form of the drug that is created by chemically altering cocaine hydrochloride using a process called freebasing. This results in a substance that can be smoked, providing a rapid and powerful high. Freebase cocaine is often considered more dangerous than other forms due to the volatile chemicals involved in its production.

The different forms of cocaine

Cocaine is available in various forms due to the different processing methods used. The choice of form often depends on the desired effects and route of administration. While cocaine hydrochloride is the most prevalent form, crack cocaine and freebase cocaine have gained popularity due to their potent and immediate effects when smoked.

Understanding the different forms of cocaine is crucial in comprehending cocaine prices, as they can vary based on availability and demand. Additionally, the cost of production and distribution may differ depending on the form, which can impact the final price.

It’s important to note that the purity of cocaine, regardless of its form, can significantly affect its price. Higher purity cocaine is generally more expensive, as it requires more refining and processing, making it more potent. Street-level dealers often dilute cocaine with other substances, such as baking soda or other white powders, to increase their profits. Therefore, the price of cocaine can fluctuate depending on the degree of adulteration.

Another factor influencing cocaine prices is the geographical location. Supply and demand play a significant role in determining the price of cocaine in different regions. Areas with high demand and limited supply usually have higher prices, while areas with abundant supply and lower demand tend to have lower prices.

In the next section, we will delve deeper into the factors that influence the price of cocaine, including purity, geographical location, supply and demand, and explore the difference between street price and wholesale price.

The Different Forms of Cocaine

Explanation of the various forms of cocaine available in the market

Cocaine is a powerful and highly addictive stimulant drug that comes in different forms. Understanding the different forms of cocaine is essential in comprehending its pricing structure and the factors that influence its cost.

The most well-known form of cocaine is cocaine hydrochloride, which is a white, crystalline powder. This is the most common form of the drug and can be snorted, smoked, or dissolved in water and injected. Cocaine hydrochloride is often referred to as “powder cocaine” and is typically sold in small quantities, such as grams or ounces.

Another common form of cocaine is crack cocaine. This is made by processing cocaine hydrochloride with baking soda or ammonia, resulting in a solid, rock-like substance that can be smoked. Crack cocaine is cheaper and more potent than powder cocaine, making it more popular among low-income communities.

Cocaine also comes in the form of freebase, which is created by chemically altering cocaine hydrochloride. Freebase cocaine is typically smoked and is more volatile and potent than powder cocaine. It is often referred to as “base” or “crack” and is known for its intense and immediate effects.

In recent years, a new form of cocaine has emerged called “flaked cocaine.” This form is created by dissolving powder cocaine in a volatile solvent, such as ether or acetone, and allowing the solvent to evaporate. Flaked cocaine is often used for injection, offering a faster and more intense high compared to other forms.

The form of cocaine can significantly impact its price. Generally, powder cocaine tends to be more expensive than crack cocaine due to its higher purity levels and the additional processing required. On the other hand, crack cocaine and other solid forms are often cheaper due to the dilution and lower purity levels.

It’s essential to note that the purity of cocaine can also vary, with higher purity levels commanding higher prices. Additionally, the presence of cutting agents, such as baking soda or other chemicals, can impact the price and potency of the drug.

By understanding the various forms of cocaine and how they are used, individuals can gain insight into the pricing structure and the factors that contribute to the cost of illegal drugs. This knowledge is crucial for policymakers, law enforcement, and healthcare professionals in developing effective strategies to combat drug abuse and addiction.

IWhat is a brick of cocaine?

A brick of cocaine is a common term used to describe a specific quantity of cocaine that is usually packaged and sold. It refers to a large rectangular-shaped package of cocaine powder that weighs approximately one kilogram (2.2 pounds). The term “brick” is derived from the shape and size of the package, which closely resembles a brick.

Quantity and Packaging

A brick of cocaine typically contains around 90% to 95% pure cocaine powder. The remaining percentage consists of cutting agents or adulterants added to increase the volume and profitability for drug traffickers. These cutting agents can include substances like baking soda, talcum powder, or other powdered substances.

To ensure successful transportation and concealment, bricks of cocaine are most commonly wrapped tightly in layers of plastic or cellophane. They may also be further packaged in vacuum-sealed plastic bags, clothing, or other containers to prevent detection by law enforcement authorities.

Standardized Measurement

The use of the term “brick” to describe a specific quantity of cocaine has become standardized within the drug trade. It allows for easier communication and negotiation among drug dealers, as the term eliminates confusion and ensures that both parties understand the agreed-upon quantity being bought or sold.

The size and weight of a brick of cocaine make it a significant investment for both traffickers and buyers. Due to its standardized quantity and relatively large size, a brick of cocaine serves as a unit of trade within the illegal drug market.

Economic Value

The economic value of a brick of cocaine can vary greatly depending on several factors. Purity is a major determining factor, as higher purity levels often command higher prices. Additionally, the geographical location plays a significant role, as the price can differ between regions due to supply and demand dynamics and transportation costs.

It is important to note that the price of a brick of cocaine is typically much lower than the street value of individual gram or ounce quantities. This is because drug traffickers and distributors purchase bricks of cocaine at wholesale prices, which are significantly discounted. The profit is then realized when the cocaine is divided, repackaged, and sold in smaller quantities at higher prices on the street.

Understanding what a brick of cocaine is and its role in the illegal drug market provides valuable insight into the pricing dynamics and economic value of cocaine. By comprehending the factors that influence cocaine prices and the significance of wholesale and street prices, individuals and authorities can gain a better understanding of the overall cocaine trade and its impact on society.

Factors influencing the price of cocaine

Purity

One of the key factors influencing the price of cocaine is its purity. Higher purity cocaine is considered to be of better quality and therefore commands a higher price in the market. Purity can vary widely depending on the source and production methods, with some samples being adulterated with other substances to increase profits. Buyers often prefer purer cocaine, and dealers can charge a premium for it.

Geographical location

The price of cocaine can also vary significantly depending on the geographical location. In regions where the drug is more prevalent, such as South America, prices tend to be lower due to a greater supply. On the other hand, in countries where cocaine is not produced locally but has a high demand, such as the United States or Europe, prices are generally higher due to the need for transportation and the risks associated with smuggling.

Supply and demand

Like any commodity, the price of cocaine is influenced by the principles of supply and demand. When there is a high demand for cocaine but a limited supply, prices tend to increase. Conversely, when there is an oversupply of cocaine in the market, prices may decrease. The dynamics of supply and demand can be affected by various factors, such as law enforcement efforts, drug production capabilities, and consumer demand trends.

Understanding these factors is crucial for law enforcement agencies and policymakers in developing effective strategies to combat drug trafficking and reduce drug-related harm. It can also provide insight for researchers and policymakers working on drug prevention and addiction treatment programs.

By analyzing the factors influencing cocaine prices, it becomes apparent that the illegal drug trade operates similarly to any other market, with supply and demand dynamics and various external influences shaping prices. This knowledge allows law enforcement agencies to focus their efforts effectively, disrupt drug supply chains, and ultimately reduce the availability and affordability of cocaine.

Moreover, understanding the factors affecting cocaine prices can assist in assessing the effectiveness of drug control policies and initiatives. It can help policymakers identify areas where interventions are needed, such as targeting drug production hubs or implementing demand reduction programs.

In conclusion, the price of cocaine is determined by a combination of factors, including purity, geographical location, and the principles of supply and demand. By understanding these factors, law enforcement agencies, policymakers, and researchers can gain valuable insights into the dynamics of the illegal drug trade and develop strategies to mitigate its negative impact on individuals and society as a whole.

Sixth Section: Street Price vs Wholesale Price

The Difference between Street Price and Wholesale Price for Cocaine

In understanding the price of illegal drugs, it is crucial to distinguish between the street price and the wholesale price. When discussing the cost of a brick of cocaine, it is important to consider these two pricing categories.

Street Price:
The street price refers to the amount at which cocaine is sold in small quantities directly to the end-users or consumers. This is the price that individuals pay on the streets for a certain amount or unit of cocaine, typically in gram or ounce measurements. The street price is heavily influenced by factors such as supply and demand, geographical location, and the overall purity of the cocaine.

Wholesale Price:
On the other hand, the wholesale price refers to the cost at which larger quantities of cocaine are sold to intermediate suppliers or drug dealers. These buyers then distribute the cocaine in smaller increments on the street at a higher price. The wholesale price is usually lower than the street price because it accounts for the larger volume being purchased. The cost of transportation, potential risks, and profit margins for the intermediate suppliers also contribute to the variation in wholesale prices.

The gap between the street price and the wholesale price allows for significant profitability for those involved in the illicit drug trade. The street price reflects the economic realities faced by individual users, while the wholesale price represents the economic dynamics within the drug distribution network. Understanding this distinction is vital for comprehending the complexities of the illicit drug market and the motivations behind drug-related criminal activities.

Moreover, the difference between the street price and the wholesale price can vary significantly based on location. In some regions, where the drug trade is more prevalent or the availability of cocaine is higher, the wholesale price tends to be relatively lower compared to areas with less drug trafficking. The overall supply and demand dynamics, as well as the accessibility of the drug, play a crucial role in determining these variations.

By understanding the disparity between the street and wholesale prices of cocaine, law enforcement agencies, policymakers, and researchers can gain insights into the economic aspects of the drug trade. This knowledge can inform strategies to combat drug trafficking, disrupt the illicit market, and ultimately reduce drug abuse and its associated harms.

Pricing in different regions

Regional variations in cocaine prices

Understanding the price of illegal drugs, such as cocaine, is crucial for various reasons. One important aspect to consider is the substantial regional variations in cocaine prices. The price of cocaine can vary significantly depending on the geographical location and market conditions.

Factors contributing to regional price differences

Several factors contribute to the regional price variations in cocaine. One of the most influential factors is the proximity to the source of production. Countries located closer to the major cocaine-producing regions, such as Colombia and Peru, generally have lower prices due to easier access and reduced transportation costs.

Additionally, the presence and strength of law enforcement agencies in a region can impact cocaine prices. Regions with stricter drug enforcement policies and higher law enforcement presence tend to have higher prices due to increased risks associated with drug trafficking and production.

Moreover, the level of demand and consumption within a region can also influence the price of cocaine. Areas with higher demand and larger consumer markets may see higher prices due to greater competition among suppliers.

Price variations between continents

When comparing cocaine prices between continents, significant differences can be observed. For example, in North America, especially the United States, the price of cocaine tends to be relatively higher compared to other regions. This can be attributed to higher purchasing power, stronger law enforcement efforts, and the presence of powerful drug cartels.

In South America, closer to the source of production, prices tend to be lower due to less transportation costs and availability. European countries experience a wide range of prices, with some countries having higher prices due to the longer distribution chain and higher risks associated with smuggling.

Impact on drug trafficking and organized crime

The regional variations in cocaine prices have a direct impact on drug trafficking operations and the involvement of organized crime. Areas with higher prices are more likely to attract drug cartels and organized crime groups seeking greater profits. These groups often resort to violence and corruption to protect their operations, leading to increased criminal activities and instability in those regions.

Conclusion

Understanding the pricing of illegal drugs, including cocaine, is essential to comprehend the dynamics of drug markets and their impact on societies. Regional variations in cocaine prices can be influenced by factors such as proximity to production areas, law enforcement efforts, and demand levels. These variations also play a significant role in shaping the activities of drug trafficking organizations and the presence of organized crime. By gaining a deeper understanding of the price of cocaine in different regions, law enforcement agencies, policymakers, and researchers can better address the challenges associated with drug trafficking and its consequences.

Historical changes in cocaine prices

Understanding the fluctuating cost of cocaine over time

Cocaine, one of the most widely consumed illegal drugs globally, has experienced significant fluctuations in its pricing throughout history. Understanding the historical changes in cocaine prices provides insight into the factors that influence its cost and the dynamics of the illegal drug trade.

The price of cocaine has been influenced by various factors, including changes in production, supply and demand dynamics, law enforcement efforts, and shifts in drug trafficking routes. These influences have contributed to significant fluctuations in the cost of cocaine over time.

During the 1970s and 1980s, cocaine prices soared due to increased demand and a significant rise in drug trafficking activities. This period, often referred to as the “Cocaine Boom,” witnessed a surge in violence and crime associated with the illegal drug trade. The high profitability of cocaine attracted numerous criminal organizations and drug cartels, leading to a substantial increase in its price.

However, in the 1990s, the price of cocaine began to decline as law enforcement efforts intensified and drug interdiction measures became more effective. Additionally, increased competition among drug traffickers and advancements in cocaine production techniques resulted in lower production costs, contributing to a decrease in its price.

The early 2000s saw another fluctuation in cocaine prices, primarily driven by changes in drug trafficking routes and the emergence of new market dynamics. With the shift of drug production to the Andean region and the increased transportation of cocaine through Central America and Mexico, prices started to rise again. The involvement of powerful drug cartels in these regions further impacted the cost of cocaine.

In recent years, the price of cocaine has demonstrated mixed trends due to multiple factors. Increased drug eradication efforts, changes in supply routes, disruptions to drug trafficking networks, and shifts in consumer demand have all played a role in shaping its pricing. For instance, disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdown measures have had both positive and negative impacts on cocaine prices, depending on the region.

Understanding the historical changes in cocaine prices is crucial for policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and researchers working to combat the illegal drug trade. Analyzing these fluctuations provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of drug control strategies, identifies emerging trends in drug trafficking, and helps develop targeted interventions.

In conclusion, the price of cocaine has undergone significant fluctuations throughout history, influenced by factors such as production techniques, supply and demand dynamics, law enforcement efforts, and drug trafficking routes. Understanding the historical changes in cocaine prices is vital for comprehending the complexities of the illegal drug trade and formulating effective strategies to address drug-related issues.

Cocaine Prices and Organized Crime

Introduction

Understanding the price of illegal drugs, such as cocaine, is crucial for both law enforcement agencies and society as a whole. By comprehending the factors that influence drug prices, we can gain insights into the dynamics of drug markets and the impact of organized crime. This section will explore the relationship between cocaine prices and the involvement of organized crime.

The Influence of Organized Crime

Organized crime plays a significant role in shaping the price of cocaine. These criminal networks control various stages of the drug supply chain, including production, transportation, and distribution. By monopolizing these operations, they exert control over the quantity and quality of drugs available, ultimately influencing prices.

Supply and Demand Dynamics

Cocaine, like any other commodity, is subject to the forces of supply and demand. Organized crime groups manipulate these dynamics by restricting the supply of cocaine. By creating scarcity, they can drive up prices and maximize profits. Additionally, their control over distribution networks enables them to dictate the availability and accessibility of drugs, further influencing prices.

Purity and Price

Organized crime groups have the ability to control the purity of cocaine, which directly impacts its price. By diluting the drug with cutting agents or adulterants, they can increase the volume and profitability of each brick. Conversely, when the purity of cocaine increases, the price also tends to rise. This manipulation allows criminals to maintain profitability while adjusting to changes in market demands.

Violence and Intimidation

Organized crime and violence often go hand in hand in the drug trade. As criminal groups compete for control over drug territories, conflicts arise, resulting in violence and intimidation tactics. These violent activities not only leave behind a trail of destruction but also disrupt drug supply chains. The resultant instability can cause fluctuations in cocaine prices as criminal groups navigate these challenges.

Government Crackdowns

Government efforts to combat drug trafficking and organized crime can also impact cocaine prices. When law enforcement agencies successfully disrupt criminal activities and dismantle drug networks, the temporary disruption to the supply chain can lead to price increases. Conversely, if crackdowns are ineffective, prices may remain stable or even decrease as criminals adapt and continue their operations.

The Ripple Effect

The price of cocaine, influenced by organized crime, does not exist in isolation. It has implications beyond the drug market itself. Higher prices can lead to increased property crimes, as drug users resort to theft to support their habits. Furthermore, the vast profits generated by the cocaine trade enable organized crime groups to expand their influence, corrupt public officials, and perpetuate violence in communities.

In conclusion, understanding the relationship between cocaine prices and organized crime is vital in tackling the drug trade. By studying how criminal organizations manipulate supply and demand dynamics, purity, and violence, we can develop targeted strategies to disrupt these operations. Only through comprehensive efforts to dismantle organized crime networks and address the underlying socioeconomic factors driving drug trade can we hope to mitigate the impact of cocaine on society.

The Impact of Drug Trafficking on Price

Introduction

Understanding the price of illegal drugs is crucial for various reasons. It allows law enforcement agencies to track the flow of narcotics, helps policymakers design effective drug control strategies, and provides insights into the dynamics of the illegal drug market. Cocaine, being one of the most widely consumed illicit substances, demands a comprehensive analysis of its pricing factors. This article explores the impact of drug trafficking on the cost of cocaine, shedding light on the intricate relationship between supply, demand, and criminal networks.

Drug Trafficking and Pricing

Drug trafficking plays a significant role in determining the price of cocaine. The complexities of the global narcotics trade create a supply chain that impacts the final cost of the drug. Traffickers are responsible for transporting the cocaine from production sites to markets, often spanning multiple countries and involving various intermediaries. These illegal operations incur costs related to transportation, logistics, bribes, and security measures. The expenses associated with drug trafficking ultimately influence the final retail price of the drug.

Regional Disparities

The impact of drug trafficking on cocaine prices varies significantly across regions. Geographical locations and trafficking routes can significantly affect the cost of the drug. High-production regions, such as South America, generally have lower prices due to proximity to cocaine sources. On the other hand, regions far from production sites, such as Europe or Oceania, tend to have higher prices due to increased transportation costs and multiple border crossings. The involvement of transnational criminal organizations, which control different stages of the drug supply chain, further contributes to regional disparities in pricing.

Seizures and Supply

Efforts by law enforcement agencies to interdict drug shipments can disrupt the supply chain and impact cocaine prices. Large-scale seizures reduce the available supply in the market, leading to a temporary increase in prices. This disruption often prompts traffickers to adjust their operations to compensate for losses, potentially resulting in alterations to transportation routes or production methods. Conversely, successful smuggling operations can flood the market with cocaine, leading to a drop in prices.

Market Competition and Price Wars

The illicit drug trade operates similarly to legal markets in terms of competition and pricing strategies. Price wars among different criminal networks can occur, especially when there is a surplus of cocaine. Intense competition, coupled with the need to maintain market share, may lead traffickers to lower prices to attract more consumers. This dynamic can result in price fluctuations and an increase in cocaine availability, potentially fueling drug abuse and related criminal activities.

Conclusion

Understanding the impact of drug trafficking on the price of cocaine provides insights into the complex dynamics of the illegal drug market. Recognizing the interplay between supply, demand, trafficking routes, and criminal networks is crucial in developing effective strategies to combat drug trafficking and reduce drug abuse. By comprehending the factors influencing cocaine pricing, policymakers and law enforcement agencies can work towards disrupting the illicit drug trade and protecting society from its damaging consequences.

How the Cocaine Market Operates

Introduction

Understanding how the cocaine market operates is crucial for gaining insight into the pricing dynamics of this illegal drug. This section delves into the mechanisms behind the cocaine market and its impact on pricing.

The Role of Supply and Demand

The cocaine market, like any other market, is heavily influenced by the fundamental principles of supply and demand. The quantity of cocaine available and the number of people seeking to purchase it directly influence its price. When the supply of cocaine is high relative to the demand, the price tends to decrease. Conversely, when demand outstrips supply, prices rise.

Networks and Middlemen

To facilitate the distribution of cocaine, extensive networks and middlemen are involved in the market. Cocaine typically travels through a chain of suppliers and distributors before reaching the end consumer. Each intermediary along this supply chain adds their markup to the product, contributing to the final price.

The Role of Organized Crime

Organized crime plays a significant role in the cocaine market, particularly in the production and distribution networks. Drug cartels and criminal organizations control various aspects of the market, including cultivation, production, transportation, and distribution. These criminal entities exert immense influence over pricing, often manipulating it to maximize profits while maintaining market control.

The Black Market and Illicit Channels

The illegal nature of cocaine pushes its market into the realm of unregulated and illicit channels. The lack of government oversight, quality control, and legal frameworks creates an environment where prices can fluctuate significantly. Additionally, the risks and costs associated with the clandestine nature of the market translate into higher prices for consumers.

Geographical Variations

The cocaine market’s geographical variations also impact pricing. The production hubs, such as Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, have relatively lower prices due to their proximity to the source. However, as cocaine moves through different regions and continents, transportation costs, risks, and intermediaries’ markups contribute to substantial price fluctuations.

Conclusion

Understanding how the cocaine market operates provides valuable insights into the pricing dynamics of this illicit drug. The interplay between supply and demand, the involvement of organized crime, the influence of middlemen, and the geographical variations all contribute to the price of cocaine. Recognizing these factors can assist policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and individuals in better understanding and combating the illegal drug trade. Additionally, uncovering these mechanisms can help develop strategies to reduce the societal and economic consequences associated with the high cost of cocaine.

Conclusion

Summary of Key Points

Throughout this article, we have explored the intricate details and factors that contribute to the pricing of cocaine, specifically focusing on a brick of cocaine. We have discussed the different forms of cocaine available in the market, the definition and quantity of a brick of cocaine, and the various factors that influence the price.

One of the key factors influencing the price of cocaine is its purity. Higher purity levels often demand a higher price in the market. Geographical location also plays a significant role, as the cost of transporting cocaine to different regions can greatly affect its price. Furthermore, the principles of supply and demand dictate the availability and cost of cocaine, causing fluctuations in prices over time.

We have also highlighted the difference between street price and wholesale price for cocaine. Street price refers to the cost of buying cocaine in smaller quantities, typically for personal use, while wholesale price pertains to larger quantities purchased for distribution purposes.

Moreover, we have examined the pricing of cocaine in different regions around the world. Prices can vary significantly due to factors such as production costs, transportation expenses, and law enforcement efforts. Historical data shows how the price of cocaine has fluctuated over time, influenced by changing market dynamics and law enforcement strategies.

Furthermore, we have explored the intricate relationship between cocaine prices and organized crime. The high profitability of the drug trade attracts organized criminal groups, who engage in various illicit activities to maintain their control over the market and protect their profits.

Additionally, we have discussed how drug trafficking impacts the cost of cocaine. The risks and costs associated with smuggling drugs across borders and evading law enforcement contribute to increased prices.

Importance of Understanding the Price of Illegal Drugs

Understanding the price of illegal drugs, particularly cocaine, is of paramount importance for several reasons. Firstly, it allows law enforcement agencies to better allocate their resources and develop effective strategies to combat drug trafficking. By monitoring fluctuations in prices, authorities can identify shifts in market dynamics and target key players involved in the drug trade.

Secondly, understanding the price of cocaine helps policymakers and governments formulate effective drug control policies. Through an understanding of the factors that influence cocaine pricing, policymakers can develop strategies to tackle the drug problem, deter consumption, and disrupt the profitability of the illegal drug trade.

Moreover, comprehending the price of cocaine is crucial for individuals and communities as it enables them to make informed decisions. Having knowledge about the costs associated with illegal drugs fosters awareness about the dangers of drug use and encourages individuals to seek help and support when needed.

In conclusion, understanding the price of illegal drugs, particularly cocaine, is essential for law enforcement agencies, policymakers, and individuals alike. By comprehending the complex mechanisms behind pricing, we can work towards mitigating the harmful effects of drug trafficking, protecting communities, and promoting a drug-free society.

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