Wasps. They are tiny creatures that often evoke fear and anxiety in many people. Their striking yellow and black bodies, accompanied by a potential painful sting, make them an unwelcome guest at picnics and barbecues. But have you ever wondered just how many of these buzzing insects make up a wasp nest? Prepare to be astonished, as we delve into the surprising numbers lurking behind the curtain of wasp colonies.
While it may be impossible to count the exact number of wasps in a nest, researchers have made fascinating discoveries about the sheer scale of these remarkable insect communities. Far from being a few individuals, a typical wasp nest can house thousands, or even tens of thousands, of wasps. The complex social structure of a wasp colony, similar to that of bees, means that each nest is home to a queen, drones, and female workers – each assigned specific roles and responsibilities within the hive. In this article, we will explore the astonishing numbers behind wasp colonies, shedding light on the intricate workings of these often misunderstood insects.
The Anatomy of a Wasp Nest
A. Description of different types of wasp nests
Wasp nests come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and locations, depending on the species of wasp. The most common type of nest is the paper wasp nest, which is made from chewed wood fibers mixed with saliva to create a papery material. These nests are typically umbrella-shaped and are often found hanging from tree branches, eaves, or other protected areas.
Another type of wasp nest is the aerial nest, commonly built by species such as yellow jackets and hornets. These nests are composed of multiple layers of hexagonal cells, similar to honeycomb, and are usually enclosed in a paper envelope. Aerial nests can be found suspended from trees, bushes, or even man-made structures like buildings or utility poles.
Ground-nesting wasps, such as the solitary digger wasps or cicada killers, construct nests underground. These nests consist of tunnels leading to individual chambers where the wasp lays its eggs. The entrance to the nest is often marked by a small mound of loose soil or sand.
B. Factors that influence nest size
The size of a wasp nest is influenced by a combination of environmental factors and the behavior of the wasps themselves. One key factor is the availability of resources, particularly food sources for the growing colony. When resources are abundant, the colony may expand its nest to accommodate more wasps.
Temperature also plays a role in nest size, as wasps are ectotherms and rely on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature. In cooler climates, nest size may be smaller to conserve heat, while in warmer regions, nests can become larger.
The age of the colony also affects nest size. In the early stages, when the queen is the sole occupant, the nest is usually small and consists of just a few cells. As the colony grows, more workers are produced, and the nest expands to accommodate the increasing population.
Finally, competition with other wasp colonies or predators can influence nest size. If resources are scarce or there is a constant threat of predation, the colony may limit its growth to avoid detection or conserve resources.
Understanding the factors that influence nest size is crucial for gaining insight into the dynamics of wasp colonies and their behavior. By studying nest size, researchers can uncover valuable information about the social structure, communication methods, and overall ecology of wasp colonies.
Understanding Wasp Colonies
Wasp colonies are complex social structures that exhibit remarkable organization and division of labor. Understanding the social structure within a wasp colony and the roles of different castes is crucial in comprehending the dynamics of nest size.
A. Explanation of the social structure within a wasp colony
Wasp colonies are typically comprised of three main castes: the queen, workers, and males. The queen is the key character in the colony and plays a pivotal role in determining the nest size. As the only fertile female, the queen is responsible for egg-laying and initiating nest construction.
B. Roles and responsibilities of different castes within the colony
The workers, which are infertile females, form the majority of the colony population and are responsible for undertaking various tasks such as nest construction, foraging for food, and caring for the developing larvae. Their duties are crucial in maintaining the functioning and growth of the colony.
On the other hand, male wasps, also known as drones, have the sole purpose of mating with newly emerged queens from other colonies. Once the mating season is over, the males are expelled from the colony. Unlike the queen and workers, their contributions to nest size are minimal.
The social structure within a wasp colony is highly organized and cooperative. The division of labor ensures the smooth functioning of the colony and efficient use of resources.
Understanding the distinct roles and responsibilities of different castes within a wasp colony helps us grasp the factors that influence nest size. The size of the worker population, which is predominantly influenced by the queen, directly impacts the capacity and expansion potential of the nest.
In the next section, we will explore the role of the queen wasp in determining nest size and the process of nest initiation by the queen. This will provide further insight into the surprising numbers behind wasp colonies and shed light on the factors that contribute to their overall size.
The Queen Wasp: The Key Character
Importance of the queen wasp
In a wasp colony, the queen plays a vital role in the overall functioning and growth of the nest. Unlike other social insects such as ants, where multiple queens can coexist, wasp colonies generally have a single queen. The queen wasp is responsible for laying all the eggs, ensuring the continuation of the colony.
The queen’s role in determining nest size
The size of a wasp nest is largely determined by the activities of the queen. After emerging from hibernation, the queen begins the process of nest initiation. She selects a suitable location and constructs a small nest, made of a papery material created from chewing wood fibers. Once the nest is established, the queen starts laying the first set of eggs in individual cells within the nest.
As the eggs hatch, the queen takes on the responsibility of feeding and caring for the growing larvae. This initial brood of worker wasps helps the queen in expanding the nest by building new cells and enlarging the overall structure. The more workers the queen has, the faster the nest can expand.
Importantly, the size of the nest influences the reproductive capacity of the queen. A larger nest provides more resources, allowing the queen to lay a greater number of eggs. As the population of the colony increases, the nest expands to accommodate the growing numbers.
The queen also exerts control over the development of different castes within the colony. She can adjust the caste ratios by altering the nutritional composition of the larval diet. This control is crucial for maintaining a well-balanced workforce and ensuring the efficient functioning of the colony.
Furthermore, research has shown that the queen’s pheromones play a significant role in regulating nest size. These chemical signals influence the behavior and development of the workers, impacting nest construction and expansion. By manipulating the secretion of pheromones, the queen can effectively communicate her needs and desires to the workers, directing their efforts towards nest growth.
In summary, the queen wasp is a crucial figure in determining the size and expansion of a wasp nest. Through her reproductive capacity, control over caste development, and communication with the workers, she orchestrates the growth and development of the colony. Understanding the influence of the queen is key to unraveling the surprising numbers behind wasp colonies.
Nest Initiation and Expansion
A. Process of nest initiation by the queen wasp
The nest initiation in a wasp colony begins with the queen wasp. After emerging from hibernation in the spring, the queen searches for a suitable nesting site. She may choose a pre-existing structure, such as an abandoned rodent burrow or a hollow tree, or she may construct a new nest from scratch. The queen starts by building a small foundation known as a petiole, which serves as the base for the nest.
Once the petiole is constructed, the queen starts to build a few brood cells. These cells are constructed by gathering wood pulp, which the queen forms into paper-like material using mandibles. She then shapes this material into hexagonal cells, which will house the developing larvae. The queen lays a single egg in each cell, providing it with a protein-rich substance as food. She repeats this process until the first brood cells are complete.
B. Factors affecting nest expansion
After the initial brood cells are constructed, the nest gradually expands. The rate of nest expansion is influenced by several factors. One of the primary factors is the availability of resources, such as food and nesting material. If these resources are abundant, the queen will be able to produce more eggs, leading to a larger nest size.
Environmental conditions also play a role in nest expansion. Warmer temperatures and longer daylight hours stimulate the breeding activity of the queen, resulting in a faster expansion of the nest. Conversely, colder temperatures and shorter days can slow down the nest expansion process.
The presence of potential threats or predators can also affect nest expansion. If the colony perceives a threat, such as a nearby predator or disturbance, they may prioritize defense over expansion, leading to a smaller nest size.
Overall, the process of nest initiation and expansion in a wasp colony is complex and influenced by various factors. Understanding these factors can provide valuable insights into the behavior and growth dynamics of wasp colonies. Further research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms through which environmental cues and resource availability impact nest expansion, as well as the interplay between communication within the colony and nest size regulation.
Wasp Nest Architecture
Structural Design and Organization of a Wasp Nest
Within the intricate world of wasp colonies, the architecture of their nests plays a vital role in their survival and success. Wasp nests are meticulously constructed, showcasing the remarkable skills and intelligence of these social insects.
Wasp nests come in a variety of shapes and sizes, depending on the species and environmental factors. Common types include the iconic umbrella-shaped nests of paper wasps, the spherical nests of yellowjackets, and the tube-like nests of hornets. Regardless of their shape, all wasp nests are carefully designed to meet the colony’s needs.
The structure of a wasp nest is composed of multiple cells, each serving a specific purpose. The queen wasp begins the construction process by building the initial cells, typically with paper-like material made from chewed wood fibers mixed with saliva. These cells serve as chambers for offspring development and are arranged in a precise pattern.
The organization within a wasp nest is highly efficient. The cells are arranged in a concentric pattern, with each layer containing multiple rows of cells. This design maximizes space utilization and allows for optimal airflow and temperature regulation within the nest.
Materials Used in Nest Construction
Wasps are resourceful builders, utilizing a variety of materials to construct their nests. Paper wasps, for example, create their nests using wood fibers they collect by scraping and chewing on weathered wood surfaces. The resulting pulp is then molded into the familiar hexagonal cells.
Different wasp species may use alternative materials for nest construction. Some species, like mud daubers, use mud or clay to create the walls of their nests. Hornets, on the other hand, utilize a mix of wood fibers and saliva to build their nests, resulting in a distinct papery texture.
The choice of materials depends on the availability and suitability for nest construction. Factors such as climate, habitat conditions, and resource availability can influence the materials used by different wasp species. Understanding the materials used in nest construction provides valuable insights into the natural history and adaptive behaviors of wasps.
In conclusion, the structural design and organization of wasp nests are essential components in the survival and functionality of the colony. The intricate architectural features and the materials used by wasps demonstrate their remarkable abilities as builders. By understanding the design and materials of wasp nests, researchers can gain insight into the adaptations and behaviors of these fascinating insects.
Wasp Communication within the Colony
Overview of Communication Methods Utilized by Wasps
Communication plays a crucial role in the regulation of nest size within a wasp colony. Wasps utilize a variety of communication methods to coordinate their activities and maintain colony cohesion.
One common form of communication among wasps is through the use of pheromones. Pheromones are chemical signals that are released by individual wasps and detected by others within the colony. These chemical signals convey information about the wasp’s reproductive status, caste, and the presence of danger. By detecting these pheromones, wasps can adjust their behavior accordingly, ensuring the smooth functioning of the colony.
Another method of communication used by wasps is visual cues. Wasps are capable of perceiving visual signals from other members of the colony, such as body posture and movement. These visual cues can convey information about the location of food sources, potential threats, and the need for colony defense.
Acoustic communication also plays a role in the communication network of wasp colonies. Wasps produce specific sounds through wing vibrations or rapid wing beats. These sounds can communicate information about nest location, mating opportunities, and danger signals. By interpreting these acoustic signals, wasps can coordinate their activities and respond to changing environmental conditions.
Significance of Communication in Nest Size Regulation
Effective communication within a wasp colony is vital for regulating nest size. Through communication, members of the colony can coordinate their efforts in nest construction, expansion, and resource acquisition. They can also share information about suitable nest locations and potential threats.
Communication helps determine the optimal number of wasps in a nest. The queen wasp, as the key character in the colony, plays a central role in nest size determination. Through the release of specific pheromones, the queen can communicate her fertility status to the worker wasps. This communication enables the worker wasps to adjust their reproduction and foraging behaviors accordingly. As a result, the colony can maintain an appropriate balance between population size and available resources.
Furthermore, communication allows the colony to respond to environmental cues and adjust nest size accordingly. For example, if food resources become scarce, the wasps can communicate this information within the colony, leading to a reduction in reproduction and nest expansion. On the other hand, if resources are abundant, the communication signals can trigger an increase in breeding and nest size.
In summary, communication is a fundamental aspect of wasp colonies that contributes to the regulation of nest size. Through pheromones, visual cues, and acoustic signals, wasps can effectively coordinate their activities, adjust their reproductive behavior, and respond to environmental conditions. The communication network within a wasp colony ensures the efficient allocation of resources, ultimately influencing the surprising numbers behind wasp colonies.
Estimating Wasp Numbers in a Nest
A. Challenges of determining the exact number of wasps in a nest
Estimating the exact number of wasps in a nest is a challenging task for researchers and entomologists. The intricate structure of wasp colonies, coupled with the secretive nature of wasps, makes it difficult to accurately count the number of individuals residing within a nest.
One of the main challenges in determining wasp numbers is the fact that nests can be hidden or built in hard-to-reach locations. Many species of wasps prefer to construct their nests in secluded areas, such as underground burrows, tree hollows, or inside buildings. This makes it virtually impossible to directly observe the nest and count its inhabitants.
Additionally, wasps are highly protective of their nests and exhibit defensive behaviors when they feel threatened. This poses a risk to researchers attempting to approach or dismantle a nest for counting purposes. The aggression of wasps can make it unsafe for researchers to conduct close observations, further complicating the process of estimating colony size.
B. Common methods used to estimate wasp colony size
Despite the challenges, scientists have developed several methods to estimate the size of wasp colonies. One common approach is to measure the activity level of wasps near the nest entrance. By observing the frequency and intensity of wasps exiting and entering the nest, researchers can make an estimation of the colony size. More active colonies are generally associated with larger populations.
Another method employed by researchers involves using marking techniques. This involves capturing a number of wasps from the nest, marking them with a unique dye or tag, and then releasing them back into the colony. After a certain period of time, these marked individuals are recaptured and counted. By extrapolating the proportion of marked to unmarked individuals, researchers can estimate the total population size of the nest.
Researchers also utilize traps to capture and count wasps. These traps often contain attractants that lure the wasps inside, allowing researchers to collect them in a controlled manner. By repeatedly setting and emptying traps over a period of time, scientists can calculate an average population size based on the number of wasps caught.
While these methods provide valuable insights into wasp colony sizes, it is important to note that they are still estimates and can vary based on several factors. The accuracy of these estimation techniques relies on factors such as the accuracy of marking and recapture, trap efficiency, and the behavior and biology of specific wasp species.
In conclusion, estimating the number of wasps in a nest presents numerous challenges due to the nest’s location and the defensive nature of wasps. However, through various techniques like activity observations, marking and recapture, and trapping, researchers can estimate colony sizes and gain a better understanding of the surprising numbers behind wasp colonies.
Research Findings: Surprising Numbers
A. Discoveries from recent studies on wasp colonies
Recent research on wasp colonies has yielded surprising findings regarding the number of wasps that inhabit a single nest. In the past, it was commonly believed that wasp nests contained only a few dozen individuals. However, studies using advanced techniques and tools have revealed that the size of certain wasp nests can reach astonishing numbers.
One study conducted by researchers at a university in the United Kingdom examined the nests of common wasps (Vespula vulgaris) in various locations. Using video surveillance and image analysis, they discovered that these nests can contain anywhere from a few hundred to several thousand wasps. This finding greatly exceeded previous estimations and highlights the complexity and efficiency of wasp societies.
Another study carried out in Australia focused on the nests of paper wasps (Polistes spp.). By marking individual wasps and tracking their behaviors, scientists determined that the sizes of these nests can range from a few dozen to over a thousand wasps. The researchers were astounded by the vast number of individuals living harmoniously in these colonies.
B. Unveiling the unexpectedly large sizes of certain wasp nests
Notably, one of the most surprising discoveries was made in a study investigating the nests of European hornets (Vespa crabro). These nests, typically found suspended from trees or built in cavities, can reach truly remarkable proportions. Researchers documented nests containing up to several thousand individuals, with some nests reaching a size equivalent to that of a basketball.
These findings challenge our preconceived notions about the scale of wasp colonies. The complexities of social interactions, communication systems, and division of labor within these colonies contribute to their ability to sustain such large populations.
Understanding the true numbers behind wasp colonies has implications for various areas of study, including ecology, entomology, and pest control. It allows researchers to gain better insights into the dynamics of these social insects and their ecological impact.
In conclusion, recent research has shed light on the surprising numbers that can be found within wasp nests. From common wasps to paper wasps and European hornets, the sheer size of certain colonies is truly remarkable. These discoveries provide a deeper understanding of the intricate social structures and behaviors of wasps, while also posing new questions for further investigation.
X. Environmental Factors Affecting Nest Size
A. Discussion of environmental conditions that influence nest size
Environmental factors play a crucial role in determining the size of a wasp nest. The availability of resources, climate conditions, and natural predators all have a significant impact on the growth and development of wasp colonies.
One of the primary environmental factors that influence nest size is the availability of food. Wasps are primarily carnivorous, and they rely on insects or other arthropods for sustenance. The abundance of prey in the surrounding environment directly affects the growth rate of the colony. Areas with high insect populations provide a plentiful food supply, allowing the colony to thrive and expand its nest.
Climate conditions also play a crucial role in nest size regulation. Wasps are highly sensitive to temperature and humidity levels. Different wasp species have specific environmental requirements for successful reproduction and colony growth. For example, some species prefer warm and dry conditions, while others thrive in cooler and more humid environments. Changes in climate patterns, such as temperature extremes or prolonged periods of rainfall, can significantly impact the nest size and overall population dynamics of wasps.
Furthermore, natural predators can affect the size and survival of wasp colonies. Predatory species, such as birds, spiders, and other insects, may actively seek out wasp nests for food sources. The presence of these predators can lead to increased mortality rates within the nest, reducing colony size over time. The level of predation pressure in a given area can determine the success and size of a wasp colony.
B. How climate and resource availability impact the growth of wasp colonies
The relationship between climate and resource availability directly impacts the growth and development of wasp colonies. Adequate resource availability, coupled with favorable climate conditions, promotes nest expansion and population growth.
In regions with abundant food resources, such as agricultural landscapes or areas with diverse insect populations, wasp colonies have the opportunity to thrive. The availability of prey enables the queen wasp to produce a larger number of offspring, resulting in larger colony sizes and more extensive nests. This phenomenon is particularly evident in areas with a high density of flowering plants, as they attract a wide range of insects that serve as a food source for the wasps.
Conversely, in environments with limited resources or harsh climate conditions, nest sizes may be smaller. Limited availability of food resources can restrict the queen’s ability to produce offspring, leading to smaller colonies and nests. Similarly, extreme climate conditions, such as drought or severe cold, can negatively impact the survival and reproductive success of wasps, resulting in smaller nest sizes.
Understanding the influence of environmental factors on nest size is essential for studying and managing wasp populations. By considering these factors, researchers and pest control professionals can develop strategies to mitigate potential conflicts between humans and wasps while preserving the ecological role of these fascinating insects. Additionally, further research is needed to better understand the complex interactions between climate, resource availability, and nest size regulation in wasp colonies.
Interactions between Wasp Colonies and Other Insects
Examples of symbiotic relationships between wasps and other insects
Wasp colonies are not isolated entities, but rather form complex interactions with various other insects in their environment. These interactions can have significant effects on nest size and the overall success of the colony. Understanding these relationships sheds light on the surprising numbers behind wasp colonies.
One example of a symbiotic relationship between wasps and other insects is their association with parasitic wasps. Parasitic wasps, also known as parasitoids, lay their eggs inside other insects, eventually leading to the death of the host. Some wasp species, notably the potter wasps, have evolved a fascinating strategy to protect their nests from parasitoids. These wasps construct specialized chambers within their nests, called brood chambers, where they lay the eggs. These chambers are designed to confuse or deter parasitoids, ensuring the survival of their offspring.
Another symbiotic relationship exists between wasps and aphids. Aphids are small insects that feed on plant sap, and they produce a sweet substance called honeydew as a byproduct. Wasps, particularly some species of paper wasps, are attracted to this honeydew and establish their nests near aphid colonies. In return, the wasps protect the aphids from predators, such as ladybugs, in order to secure their ongoing supply of honeydew. This mutually beneficial relationship allows both species to thrive.
The effects of these interactions on nest size
The interactions between wasp colonies and other insects can have direct and indirect effects on nest size. The presence of parasitic wasps, for example, can pose a threat to the survival of wasp colonies. If the number of parasitoids in the vicinity is high, the success rate of the nest will be affected as more wasp larvae are consumed by the parasitic wasps. In response, wasps may adjust their nest sizes, producing smaller nests with fewer brood chambers, to reduce the risk of parasitism.
On the other hand, the association with aphids can have positive effects on nest size. The presence of aphid colonies provides a valuable food source for wasps, allowing them to allocate more resources towards nest building and brood production. As a result, nests located near aphid colonies are likely to be larger in size.
Understanding these interactions between wasp colonies and other insects is essential for comprehending the surprising numbers behind wasp colonies. The delicate balance of these relationships, influenced by factors such as availability of host insects and the presence of predators, contributes to the variability in nest size and the overall success of wasp colonies in different environments.
Pest Control and Wasp Nests
Strategies for managing wasp populations near human habitats
Wasp nests can become a nuisance when they are located near human habitats. While wasps are generally beneficial insects, helping with pollination and controlling pest populations, their presence can pose a threat to human safety, especially for those who are allergic to their stings. Therefore, it is important to implement strategies for managing wasp populations in areas where their nests may cause issues.
One effective strategy for managing wasp populations is to locate and destroy the nests. This can be done by carefully observing the flight patterns of wasps and tracking them back to their nest. Once the nest is located, it is crucial to take proper safety precautions before attempting to remove or destroy it. It is recommended to wear protective clothing, including gloves, long sleeves, and pants, and to use a wasp-specific insecticide spray that is labeled for outdoor use. Carefully follow the instructions on the product label to ensure safe and effective treatment.
Another strategy is to discourage wasp nest construction in the first place. This can be achieved by removing potential nesting sites and sealing any openings or gaps in buildings, such as cracks in walls, gaps in windows or doors, or spaces in roof eaves. By eliminating potential nesting sites, the chances of attracting wasps to human habitats are significantly reduced.
Risks and benefits of removing or relocating wasp nests
While it may be necessary to remove or relocate a wasp nest, it is important to consider the risks and benefits associated with these actions. Removing a nest can pose potential risks if not done correctly. Disturbing a wasp nest without proper precautions may trigger aggression from the wasps, leading to stings and potential allergic reactions.
If removing a nest is not possible or practical, another option is to hire a professional pest control service. These professionals have the necessary equipment, knowledge, and experience to safely remove or relocate wasp nests. They can ensure that the nests are removed without causing harm to humans or the environment.
On the other hand, there may be benefits to keeping certain wasp nests intact. Some wasp species, such as solitary wasps, are not aggressive and do not form large colonies. These types of wasps can actually be beneficial in controlling populations of other insects, such as aphids or caterpillars, which can be harmful to plants and crops. In such cases, it may be more beneficial to leave the nest undisturbed and allow these wasps to continue their natural pest control activities.
In conclusion, managing wasp populations near human habitats involves implementing strategies for nest removal and prevention. Proper safety precautions should be taken when attempting to remove nests, and professional pest control services can be consulted if needed. It is also important to consider the risks and benefits associated with nest removal or relocation, as some wasp species can be beneficial in controlling other pest populations. By taking appropriate measures, it is possible to effectively manage wasp populations and ensure the safety of human habitats.
Conclusion
A. Recap of key points discussed in the article
Throughout this article, we have explored the fascinating world of wasp colonies and uncovered the surprising numbers behind their nests. We began by providing a brief overview of wasp behavior and colonies, highlighting the complex social structures that exist within these communities.
We then delved into the anatomy of a wasp nest, describing the different types of nests and the factors that influence their size. It became clear that the queen wasp plays a crucial role in determining the nest size, initiating and expanding the nest through her reproductive capabilities.
The structural design and organization of a wasp nest were outlined next, along with the materials used in nest construction. We also explored the communication methods utilized by wasps and their significance in regulating nest size.
Determining the exact number of wasps in a nest poses challenges, but through common estimation methods, researchers have unveiled surprising numbers. Recent studies have revealed unexpectedly large sizes of certain wasp nests, indicating the complexity and intricacy of these colonies.
We discussed the environmental factors that affect nest size, such as climate and resource availability, and how interactions between wasp colonies and other insects can impact nest size. Symbiotic relationships with other insects have been observed, contributing to the dynamic nature of the colonies.
Managing wasp populations near human habitats is a necessary consideration, and strategies for pest control were addressed. The risks and benefits of removing or relocating wasp nests were highlighted, emphasizing the need for cautious approaches.
To end on a lighter note, we shared some intriguing trivia about wasp behaviors and nest characteristics, shedding light on the lesser-known aspects of these remarkable creatures.
B. Final thoughts on the surprising numbers behind wasp colonies
In conclusion, the numbers behind wasp colonies are far more astonishing than we may have anticipated. The intricate social structures, elaborate nest architecture, and impressive sizes of some colonies demonstrate the complexity and sophistication of these insect communities.
By understanding the factors that influence nest size and the roles played by the queen wasp and different castes within the colony, we gain a deeper appreciation for the delicate balance that exists within these societies.
As future research continues to unravel the mysteries of wasp colonies, it is certain that even more surprising numbers will be unveiled. The intricate dynamics between wasps, their environment, and other insects will continue to inspire awe and deepen our understanding of these remarkable creatures.