The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is renowned for its elite force of Special Agents, who play a fundamental role in safeguarding the nation’s security and upholding the rule of law. These highly trained and dedicated individuals operate at the forefront of the FBI’s efforts, undertaking complex investigations, protecting critical infrastructure, and countering a variety of threats. But just how many Special Agents does the FBI have? In this article, we will delve into the inner workings of this prestigious force, examining its size, recruitment process, and the wide range of responsibilities shouldered by its members. By gaining a closer look at the FBI’s elite force, we can better appreciate the dedication and expertise required to maintain the agency’s mission of combating crime and terrorism at both domestic and international levels.
Historical background of the FBI
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has a rich history that dates back to its formation in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation. Initially established as a small task force within the Department of Justice, the Bureau had a primary focus on investigating violations of federal law. Its primary responsibilities included capturing fugitives, combating organized crime, and combating fraud and public corruption.
Over time, the FBI’s role has evolved to encompass a wide range of responsibilities beyond its initial scope. This expansion was largely driven by national security threats and the changing landscape of criminal activities. In the early 20th century, the Bureau played a significant role in countering espionage during World War I. Following the end of the war, the FBI shifted its focus to combating prohibition-related crimes and hunting down notorious criminals like John Dillinger and Al Capone.
The Bureau’s responsibilities continued to expand throughout the 20th century. As the United States faced new challenges, the FBI adapted its mission to include combating domestic terrorism, investigating cybercrimes, and addressing intelligence and counterintelligence matters. These changes reflected the broader shifts in national security policies and the nature of criminal activities.
A. Formation of the FBI and its initial purpose
The FBI was formally established in 1935 by the Department of Justice, under the leadership of Attorney General Harlan F. Stone and Director J. Edgar Hoover. This marked a significant milestone in the bureau’s history, as it was granted the power to investigate violations of federal law beyond just its original focus on interstate crime.
The establishment of the FBI was seen as a crucial step towards establishing a centralized agency with a broad mandate to address a wide range of federal crimes. This was particularly important as the country grappled with the rising influence of organized crime and faced new challenges on the horizon.
B. Evolution of the FBI’s responsibilities over time
As the FBI’s jurisdiction and capabilities expanded, it took on a range of new responsibilities. In the post-World War II era, for example, the FBI played a key role in investigating cases such as the infamous Lindbergh baby kidnapping and the pursuit of Nazi war criminals.
During the Cold War era, the FBI’s attention turned towards counterintelligence efforts, as it sought to combat Soviet espionage in the United States. The Bureau was responsible for investigating high-profile cases such as the Rosenbergs’ atomic spying and the activities of Soviet spies like Aldrich Ames and Robert Hanssen.
In recent decades, the FBI’s focus has shifted again to address emerging threats, including cybercrime, terrorism, and foreign intelligence operations. The events of 9/11 prompted a significant transformation in the Bureau’s priorities, leading to the creation of specialized units such as the Counterterrorism Division and the Cyber Division.
Overall, the historical background of the FBI illustrates the ever-changing landscape of crime and security threats that have necessitated the expansion and adaptation of the Bureau’s responsibilities. This historical context is essential in understanding the role and significance of the FBI’s Special Agents in the present day.
The role of Special Agents in the FBI
Special Agents play a crucial role in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and are at the forefront of the agency’s operations. As highly trained law enforcement officers, they are responsible for investigating federal crimes, maintaining national security, and upholding public safety.
A. Primary tasks and responsibilities of Special Agents
Special Agents are tasked with conducting investigations related to a wide range of federal crimes, including terrorism, cybercrime, organized crime, corruption, drug trafficking, and white-collar crimes. They gather evidence, interview witnesses, and collaborate with other agencies and law enforcement partners to build strong cases for federal prosecution.
In addition to their investigative duties, Special Agents also have the authority to make arrests, execute search warrants, and testify in court. They work closely with federal prosecutors to provide the necessary evidence and support for successful prosecutions. Special Agents may also be involved in surveillance operations, undercover work, and intelligence gathering to disrupt criminal networks and prevent potential threats.
B. Extensive training and qualifications required to become a Special Agent
Becoming an FBI Special Agent is a highly competitive process and requires meeting strict qualifications. Candidates must have a bachelor’s degree from an accredited university, possess relevant work experience, and meet physical fitness standards. Additionally, applicants undergo a rigorous background investigation, including a thorough examination of their personal, criminal, and financial history.
Upon selection, Special Agent trainees enter the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia, where they undergo an intense 20-week training program. This program includes classroom instruction, physical fitness training, firearms training, and practical exercises to develop investigative skills and knowledge of federal law enforcement procedures. The training emphasizes the importance of professionalism, integrity, and adherence to the FBI’s core values.
Once training is completed, new Special Agents are assigned to one of the FBI’s field offices or specialized units across the country. They continue to receive ongoing training and professional development throughout their careers to keep up with evolving threats and law enforcement techniques.
Overall, Special Agents are highly skilled law enforcement professionals who serve as the backbone of the FBI. Their dedication, expertise, and commitment to protecting the American people and upholding the rule of law make them an essential component of the agency’s elite force.
RecommendedFactors affecting the number of Special Agents in the FBI
A. Budget allocation and government funding
The number of Special Agents employed by the FBI is greatly influenced by budget allocation and government funding. As a federal agency, the FBI’s budget is determined by Congress and can fluctuate from year to year. The funding received by the FBI directly impacts its ability to recruit, hire, and retain Special Agents.
Government funding is critical for the FBI to maintain its elite force of Special Agents. It not only covers their salaries but also supports their extensive training, equipment, and resources necessary to carry out their duties effectively. Inadequate funding can limit the FBI’s capacity to hire new Special Agents and replace those who retire or leave the Bureau.
B. Changes in national security threats
The number of Special Agents in the FBI is also influenced by shifts in national security threats. As the nature of crime and terrorism evolves, the FBI must adapt and allocate resources accordingly. For example, after the September 11th attacks, the FBI experienced a significant increase in its counterterrorism efforts, requiring the recruitment and training of additional Special Agents specializing in counterterrorism operations.
Emerging threats such as cybercrime, espionage, and domestic terrorism also impact the demand for Special Agents with specific skill sets. The FBI may need to adjust its recruitment and training strategies to address these evolving threats, which can impact the overall number of Special Agents.
C. Recruitment and retention challenges
Recruiting and retaining qualified candidates for Special Agent positions can pose significant challenges for the FBI. The rigorous selection process, which includes background checks, physical fitness assessments, and an intensive training academy, filters out many potential applicants. The Bureau must compete with other law enforcement agencies and private-sector organizations for top talent.
To attract and retain highly skilled individuals, the FBI offers competitive salaries and benefits packages. However, factors such as the aging workforce, private-sector competition, and location preferences may still affect recruitment efforts. Retention challenges can arise due to the demanding nature of the job, which can lead to burnout or career changes.
Addressing these challenges and ensuring a consistent pool of qualified applicants is crucial to maintain an adequate number of Special Agents in the FBI.
In conclusion, the number of Special Agents in the FBI is subject to various factors, including budget allocation, evolving national security threats, and recruitment and retention challenges. Government funding, changes in threats, and strategies to attract and retain top talent all play a significant role in determining the size of the FBI’s elite force. Understanding these factors is essential for accurately assessing the resources available to combat crime and terrorism effectively. Further research and investigation into these factors can provide valuable insights into the future of the FBI’s Special Agents and their ability to safeguard national security and public safety.
Determining the actual number of Special Agents
One of the key questions surrounding the FBI’s Special Agents is just how many of them are there. While the FBI is known for its elite force of Special Agents, obtaining an accurate count of the number of agents is a challenging task.
Official data provided by the FBI
The FBI regularly releases reports and statistics regarding its personnel, including Special Agents. These official figures serve as a primary source for determining the number of agents within the bureau. The FBI’s website provides information on the total number of Special Agents as well as the breakdown by field offices and divisions.
However, it is important to recognize that these official figures may have limitations and discrepancies. The FBI’s reporting may not capture the most up-to-date numbers, and there can be delays in updating the data. Additionally, there might be variations in how the FBI defines Special Agents, leading to discrepancies in reporting.
Challenges in accurately counting Special Agents
Counting Special Agents accurately is a complex task due to various factors and challenges within the FBI. One significant challenge is the presence of undercover and covert agents. These agents operate in secrecy, making it difficult to include them in official counts. Their primary focus is on gathering intelligence and conducting covert operations, which often requires their identities to remain undisclosed.
Temporary or non-permanent assignments further complicate the process of counting Special Agents. Agents may be assigned to specific task forces, joint operations, or special projects for a limited duration, making it challenging to capture their presence accurately at any given time.
Moreover, tracking agents across different divisions and field offices adds to the complexity. Special Agents may move from one assignment to another, or even between different locations within the FBI, making it challenging to consistently track their numbers.
Previous estimates and analyses on the number of Special Agents
Researchers and experts have attempted to estimate the number of Special Agents through various means, including analyzing budget allocations, personnel reports, and conducting surveys. These estimates provide alternative perspectives and insights into the FBI’s force.
Comparative analysis with other law enforcement agencies can also help gauge the size of the FBI’s Special Agent force. By comparing the FBI’s resources and responsibilities to other agencies with similar roles, analysts can make educated estimates concerning the number of Special Agents.
While these estimates and analyses may not be definitive, they contribute to a better understanding of the scale and composition of the FBI’s elite force. They also highlight the challenges faced in accurately counting the number of Special Agents and the need for further research and investigation.
Challenges in accurately counting Special Agents
Undercover and covert agents
Special Agents in the FBI often work in sensitive and covert operations, making it challenging to accurately count their numbers. These agents are involved in undercover assignments where their identities are kept confidential, making it difficult to track them within the organization. Due to the classified nature of their work, the FBI may not disclose the exact number of undercover agents, further complicating the task of determining the total number of Special Agents.
Covert agents, on the other hand, operate secretly and are not readily identifiable as law enforcement officers. Their primary objective is to gather intelligence and penetrate criminal organizations without compromising their cover. As their identities are closely guarded, publicly available information regarding the number of covert agents is limited, making it hard to obtain an accurate count.
Temporary or non-permanent assignments
The fluid nature of the FBI’s operations often leads to agents being assigned to temporary or non-permanent roles. Special Agents may be reassigned to different divisions, field offices, or task forces for specific investigations or operations. This frequent movement and temporary nature of assignments pose challenges in accurately counting the number of Special Agents at any given time.
Additionally, Special Agents may be temporarily detailed to other agencies or multinational organizations as part of joint investigations or international collaborations. These temporary assignments further complicate the tracking and accounting of Special Agents within the FBI.
Complexity of tracking agents across divisions and field offices
The FBI operates through various divisions and field offices across the United States and internationally. Each division and field office has its own operational needs and may require different numbers of Special Agents. Tracking the movement and deployment of Special Agents across these divisions and field offices can be a complex task.
Furthermore, Special Agents may undertake temporary assignments outside of their originating field office, making it challenging to account for their numbers accurately. The decentralized nature of the FBI’s operations adds another layer of complexity to accurately counting Special Agents.
Conclusion
Accurately determining the exact number of Special Agents in the FBI is a challenging task due to the various factors discussed in this section. The presence of undercover and covert agents, temporary or non-permanent assignments, and the complexity of tracking agents across divisions and field offices all contribute to the difficulty in obtaining an accurate count.
Given the nature of their work and the sensitive operations they undertake, it is understandable that the FBI does not readily disclose the number of Special Agents, particularly in undercover and covert roles. However, for the purpose of transparency and accountability, further research and investigation into this topic are essential. This will allow for a better understanding of the FBI’s elite force and its capabilities in combating crime and ensuring national security.
VPrevious estimates and analyses on the number of Special Agents
Previous estimates and analyses on the number of Special Agents
Research conducted by experts and analysts
Determining the exact number of Special Agents within the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a challenging task due to various factors and limitations. However, experts and analysts have made efforts to estimate the number of Special Agents based on available data and information.
Research conducted by experts in the field of law enforcement and national security has provided some insights into the approximate number of Special Agents in the FBI. These estimates are typically based on public information, organizational structure, and historical data.
One such estimate suggests that there are approximately 13,000 to 14,000 Special Agents within the FBI. This estimation takes into account the various divisions and units within the Bureau that employ Special Agents, such as the Criminal, Counterintelligence, and Cyber Divisions. However, it’s important to note that these numbers may vary over time due to factors such as retirements, resignations, and new hires.
Comparative analysis with other law enforcement agencies
To gain a better understanding of the scale of the FBI’s elite force, experts have also conducted comparative analyses with other law enforcement agencies. This allows for a broader perspective on the number of Special Agents within the FBI.
For example, compared to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), which is responsible for combating drug trafficking and related crimes, the FBI is believed to have a larger number of Special Agents. This is due to the FBI’s broader mandate that includes counterintelligence, terrorism, and cybercrime investigations.
Furthermore, when compared to state law enforcement agencies, the FBI’s Special Agents constitute a relatively small percentage of the overall law enforcement workforce. However, their specialized skillset and jurisdictional reach make them an invaluable asset in addressing complex and high-profile cases.
While estimates and comparative analyses offer some insights, it is important to recognize that they are not definitive. The exact number of Special Agents within the FBI remains difficult to ascertain due to the nature of their work and the agency’s operational requirements.
VIFBI’s Plans for Expansion or Reduction of Special Agents
Special Agents are the backbone of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and play a crucial role in combating crime and ensuring national security. Understanding the number of Special Agents in the FBI is essential for assessing the Bureau’s capacity to carry out its mission effectively. This section examines the FBI’s plans for expansion or reduction of Special Agents, taking into consideration strategic initiatives, political factors, and administration priorities.
A. Strategic Initiatives and Anticipated Changes
The FBI continually assesses its operational needs and adjusts its workforce accordingly. The Bureau develops strategic initiatives to address emerging threats and enhance its capabilities. These initiatives may involve expanding or reducing the number of Special Agents based on the evolving nature of criminal activities and national security challenges.
One such initiative is the FBI’s focus on cybersecurity. As technology advances, cyber threats become increasingly prevalent, requiring specialized skills and expertise. Therefore, the FBI is investing in the recruitment and training of additional Special Agents with knowledge in cyber investigations and digital forensics.
Additionally, the FBI places emphasis on improving diversity within its ranks. Recognizing the importance of representation and cultural sensitivity, the Bureau is actively working to recruit and retain individuals from diverse backgrounds. This effort may lead to an increase in the number of Special Agents as the FBI seeks to build a workforce that mirrors the communities it serves.
B. Impact of Political Factors and Administration Priorities
The number of Special Agents in the FBI can be influenced by political factors and the priorities set forth by different administrations. Changes in leadership and shifts in political ideologies may result in adjustments to the FBI’s personnel and resource allocations.
For example, administrations focused on addressing organized crime or counterterrorism may choose to increase the number of Special Agents involved in these areas. Conversely, administrations that prioritize other national security concerns or allocate funding to different agencies may lead to a reduction in the number of Special Agents.
Moreover, congressional mandates and budgetary constraints can also impact the FBI’s plans for expanding or reducing its Special Agent workforce. When considering changes in the number of Special Agents, the Bureau must work within the confines of the budget allocated by the government and justify resource allocations to Congress.
In conclusion, the FBI’s plans for expansion or reduction of Special Agents depend on strategic initiatives, political factors, and administration priorities. The Bureau’s focus on cybersecurity and diversity, as well as the influence of political ideologies and budgetary constraints, all play a role in shaping the future size and composition of the FBI’s elite force. Ongoing research and investigation into these factors are crucial for assessing the Bureau’s effectiveness in fulfilling its mission and adapting to emerging challenges.
The Importance of Special Agents’ Role in Combating Crime
Examples of high-profile cases solved by Special Agents
One of the primary reasons for determining the number of Special Agents in the FBI is understanding their significant contributions to combating crime. Special Agents play a crucial role in investigating and solving high-profile cases that have a significant impact on national security and public safety.
Throughout its history, the FBI has been involved in numerous noteworthy cases that highlight the skills and expertise of its Special Agents. For example, in 1934, the infamous FBI shootout with notorious bank robbers Bonnie and Clyde showcased the bravery and determination of Special Agents in the face of dangerous criminals.
More recently, Special Agents were instrumental in solving the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing case, which resulted in the arrest and conviction of Timothy McVeigh. This investigation required extensive collaboration and meticulous investigative techniques to bring the perpetrator to justice.
Another high-profile case that showcased the capabilities of Special Agents was the capture of Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in 2013. Through intensive investigation and collaboration with local law enforcement, Special Agents successfully located and apprehended the suspect, ensuring the safety of the public.
Contribution to national security and public safety
The role of Special Agents extends beyond solving high-profile cases. Their work is essential for maintaining national security and ensuring public safety. Special Agents are involved in investigating a wide array of crimes, such as terrorism, cybercrime, organized crime, and espionage.
Their ability to gather intelligence, conduct undercover operations, and apprehend dangerous individuals significantly contributes to preventing future attacks and protecting the country’s interests. Special Agents work in close collaboration with federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies to ensure effective coordination and response to threats.
Furthermore, Special Agents play a vital role in maintaining public trust and confidence in the FBI. Their professionalism, dedication, and commitment to upholding the rule of law are essential for fostering positive relationships with the communities they serve. By actively engaging with the public and building strong partnerships, Special Agents enhance the FBI’s ability to prevent crime and gather vital information.
In conclusion, the importance of Special Agents’ role in combating crime cannot be overstated. Their contributions to solving high-profile cases, maintaining national security, and safeguarding public safety are crucial for a functioning and secure society. The work of Special Agents deserves recognition, and further research and investigation into their numbers and capabilities are vital for improving law enforcement strategies and ensuring the continued effectiveness of the FBI’s elite force.
Public perception and understanding of the FBI’s Special Agents
A. Media portrayal and popular culture influence
The public perception and understanding of the FBI’s Special Agents are often influenced by the media portrayal and popular culture representations. From movies and television shows to novels and documentaries, the image of the FBI agent has been romanticized and sensationalized, shaping public opinions and expectations.
The media tends to highlight the exciting and dramatic aspects of the job, focusing on high-profile cases, undercover operations, and the pursuit of notorious criminals. This portrayal has created a perception of Special Agents as glamorous heroes who always save the day. However, this can lead to unrealistic expectations and misconceptions about their actual roles and responsibilities.
Popular culture also plays a significant role in shaping perceptions of the FBI’s elite force. Fictional characters like Fox Mulder from “The X-Files” or Clarice Starling from “The Silence of the Lambs” have become iconic representations of the FBI agent archetype. These characters are often seen as highly intelligent, capable individuals who possess exceptional investigative skills.
While the media and popular culture can generate interest and admiration for the FBI’s Special Agents, they can also perpetuate stereotypes and misconceptions. It is crucial for the public to understand that the portrayal of Special Agents in entertainment media does not always reflect the reality of their work.
B. Public trust and confidence in the FBI’s elite force
Public trust and confidence in the FBI’s Special Agents are vital for the effective functioning of the Bureau. Special Agents are tasked with upholding the law and protecting national security, making public trust an essential component of their work.
However, recent controversies and high-profile cases involving the FBI have affected public perception and eroded trust to some extent. Instances such as the mishandling of investigations or allegations of misconduct have led to skepticism and criticism from the public.
To regain and maintain public trust, the FBI must prioritize transparency and accountability. Public outreach programs, community engagement, and proactive communication can help bridge the gap between the Bureau and the public. By fostering a better understanding of the FBI’s Special Agents and their role in safeguarding the nation, the Bureau can strengthen public trust and confidence.
Moreover, the FBI should continue to focus on maintaining high professional standards and pursuing justice without bias or favoritism. Upholding the principles of integrity, fairness, and adherence to the law is crucial in preserving the public’s faith in the FBI’s elite force.
In conclusion, the media portrayal and popular culture influence significantly shape public perception and understanding of the FBI’s Special Agents. While the depiction of these agents in the media can be both intriguing and inspiring, it is essential to separate fact from fiction. Public trust and confidence in the FBI’s elite force are crucial for their successful operation and effectiveness in combating crime and ensuring national security. By promoting transparency, accountability, and upholding professional standards, the FBI can enhance public trust and understanding of its Special Agents. Further research and investigation into the public perception of Special Agents would provide valuable insights for improving public engagement and cultivating a more accurate understanding of their roles and responsibilities.
Future outlook for the FBI’s Special Agents
A. Projected challenges and opportunities
As the world continues to evolve, the FBI’s Special Agents face a multitude of challenges and opportunities in carrying out their duties effectively. One of the greatest challenges they will encounter is the rapid advancement of technology. Cybercrime and other digital threats are on the rise, requiring Special Agents to constantly adapt their skills and techniques to stay one step ahead of criminals.
In addition to technological challenges, Special Agents will also face increasing complexity in national security threats. As global terrorism and organized crime networks grow more sophisticated, the FBI will need to invest in intelligence gathering and analysis capabilities. Special Agents must possess the expertise to navigate these complexities while safeguarding national security.
Another projected challenge is the ever-changing political landscape. Political factors and administration priorities can impact the resources and support allocated to the FBI’s Special Agents. Changes in budget and funding priorities can greatly impact the Bureau’s ability to recruit and retain highly qualified individuals for the Special Agent role.
B. Adaptation to emerging technological advancements
In order to meet these challenges head-on, the FBI’s Special Agents must continue to adapt to emerging technological advancements. This includes investing in cutting-edge tools and technologies to enhance their investigative capabilities. Special Agents will need to be proficient in digital forensics, data analytics, and other cyber investigative techniques to effectively combat the growing threat of cybercrime.
Furthermore, the FBI must continue to prioritize the recruitment and training of Special Agents with diverse skillsets. As technology becomes increasingly integrated into criminal activities, individuals with expertise in areas such as computer science, engineering, and data analysis will be invaluable assets to the Bureau.
The use of artificial intelligence and automation in investigative processes is also expected to play a significant role in the future of the FBI’s Special Agents. These technologies can aid in the analysis of vast amounts of data, allowing Special Agents to work more efficiently and effectively.
In conclusion, the future outlook for the FBI’s Special Agents is both challenging and promising. As the world becomes more interconnected and sophisticated, Special Agents must continuously adapt their skills and techniques to combat evolving threats. By investing in technological advancements and recruiting individuals with diverse expertise, the FBI can ensure its Special Agents remain at the forefront of law enforcement and national security efforts. Further research and investigation into the changing landscape of the FBI’s Special Agents is crucial to staying ahead of emerging challenges and maximizing their effectiveness in the fight against crime.
Conclusion
Recap key points discussed in the article
In this article, we have explored the world of the FBI’s Special Agents, delving into their historical background, roles, and responsibilities. We have also examined the factors that affect the number of Special Agents in the FBI, such as budget allocation, changes in national security threats, and recruitment challenges. Furthermore, we have discussed the challenges in accurately counting Special Agents, including undercover and covert agents, temporary or non-permanent assignments, and the complexity of tracking agents across divisions and field offices.
We have also examined previous estimates and analysis on the number of Special Agents, considering research conducted by experts and analysts, as well as making comparative analysis with other law enforcement agencies. Additionally, we have looked into the FBI’s plans for the expansion or reduction of Special Agents, considering strategic initiatives, anticipated changes, and the impact of political factors and administration priorities.
Lastly, we have highlighted the importance of the Special Agents’ role in combating crime, showcasing examples of high-profile cases solved by Special Agents and their contribution to national security and public safety. We have also discussed the public perception and understanding of the FBI’s Special Agents, examining the influence of media portrayal and popular culture, as well as the level of public trust and confidence in the FBI’s elite force.
Importance of further research and investigation into the FBI’s Special Agents
While this article provides a closer look at the FBI’s Special Agents, there is still ample room for further research and investigation into this elite force. One area for future exploration is the impact of technological advancements on the work of Special Agents. As new technologies continue to emerge, it is vital for Special Agents to adapt and utilize these tools effectively in their investigations. Additionally, understanding how the FBI plans to integrate and leverage emerging technologies will be crucial in assessing the future outlook for the Bureau’s elite force.
Furthermore, there is a need for ongoing research into the recruitment and retention challenges faced by the FBI in maintaining the optimal number of Special Agents. Through in-depth analysis, policymakers and law enforcement agencies can identify strategies and initiatives to attract and retain top talent, ensuring a strong and capable force of Special Agents.
Ultimately, a comprehensive understanding of the FBI’s Special Agents is essential in recognizing their invaluable contributions to national security and public safety. Continued research and investigation into this elite force will shed light on their evolving role within the FBI and their impact on combating crime in an ever-changing landscape.