The vast expanse of our planet’s oceans has always captivated the human imagination, serving as a source of mystery, adventure, and commerce. But have you ever wondered exactly how far these international waters extend? In this article, we will explore the depths of our planet’s oceans and unravel the enigma of just how many miles international waters span.
The concept of international waters refers to areas of the oceans that are beyond any nation’s territorial jurisdiction. These expanses, also known as the high seas, cover an astonishing area of our planet, but pinning down an exact measurement can be a complex task. Join us as we delve into the intricacies of international waters, uncovering their extent and significance on a global scale.
Understanding Maritime Zones
A. Territorial waters
Territorial waters refer to the area adjacent to a country’s coastline where the state exercises sovereignty, including the right to govern and control any activities within this zone. Generally, it extends up to 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a country’s coast. Territorial waters are considered part of a country’s sovereign territory, subject to its laws and regulations.
B. Contiguous zone
The contiguous zone lies beyond the territorial waters and extends up to 24 nautical miles from the baseline. In this zone, a country can enforce its customs, fiscal, immigration, and sanitary laws. However, it has limited sovereignty compared to territorial waters.
C. Exclusive economic zone
The exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is an area extending up to 200 nautical miles from a country’s baseline. Within the EEZ, a coastal state has the exclusive rights to explore and exploit natural resources, both living and non-living, in the water column, on the seabed, and beneath the seabed. This zone also includes the right to regulate and manage activities related to the protection and preservation of the marine environment.
D. Continental shelf
The continental shelf is the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond a country’s territorial waters and EEZ. It extends up to 350 nautical miles from the baseline or beyond if the geological conditions allow for the extension. Coastal states have sovereign rights over the exploration and exploitation of its natural resources on the continental shelf.
E. High seas
High seas, also known as international waters, are not subject to the jurisdiction of any state. They are open to all nations and are governed by the principles of international law. The high seas include areas beyond any country’s EEZ where all states have the freedom of navigation, overflight, and the right to conduct scientific research, among other lawful uses.
Understanding the different maritime zones is essential for delineating boundaries and managing resources in international waters. Each zone has specific rights, responsibilities, and limitations that need to be respected to maintain peace, cooperation, and sustainable utilization of the oceans. Furthermore, the span of international waters, including the high seas, plays a crucial role in numerous global issues such as climate change, resource exploitation, maritime security, and the overall health of the world’s oceans. Thus, comprehending the extent and geographical features of international waters is fundamental for addressing these challenges and ensuring the future well-being of our shared marine environment.
IMeasuring International Waters
A. Miles vs. nautical miles
When it comes to measuring the span of international waters, it is important to understand the difference between miles and nautical miles. While a mile is a unit of linear measurement commonly used on land, a nautical mile is a unit that is used specifically for measuring distances at sea. One nautical mile is equal to approximately 1.15 statute miles.
B. Distances in international waters
Measuring distances in international waters can be a complex task. Due to the vastness of the oceans and the irregular shapes of coastlines, accurately measuring the span of international waters is challenging. However, nautical miles are commonly used for measuring distances in international waters due to their convenience and accuracy.
C. Factors affecting the span of international waters
Numerous factors can affect the span of international waters. One significant factor is the existence of maritime zones, such as territorial waters, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf, and high seas. These various zones have different limits and jurisdiction, which can impact the overall span of international waters.
Other factors that affect the span of international waters include geographic features such as major oceans and their boundaries, the size and shape of continents, and the presence of islands. Additionally, tectonic plate movements, including subduction zones and spreading ridges, can alter international waters boundaries. Volcanic activity can also have an impact on the span of international waters.
Factors to consider when measuring international waters:
– Existence of maritime zones
– Geographic features such as major oceans, continents, and islands
– Tectonic plate movements
– Volcanic activity
It is essential to take these factors into account when measuring and understanding the span of international waters, as they play a significant role in determining the extent and boundaries of these waters. By considering these factors, scientists, policymakers, and stakeholders can gain a better understanding of the complex nature of international waters and develop effective strategies for their management.
In the next section, we will explore the historical perspective of creating boundaries in international waters and examine the impact of international treaties and agreements on maritime boundaries. We will also delve into the disputes and conflicts that arise concerning the boundaries of international waters.
ICreating Boundaries
A. Historical perspective on creating boundaries
Throughout history, the concept of boundaries in international waters has evolved to accommodate the changing dynamics of maritime activities. In the past, countries established their territorial waters based on their ability to exert control over adjacent seas. This often resulted in overlapping claims and conflicts.
B. International treaties and agreements on maritime boundaries
To address these complexities and prevent disputes, numerous international treaties and agreements have been established to define and regulate maritime boundaries. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), for instance, provides a comprehensive framework for the delimitation of maritime boundaries and the management of ocean resources.
UNCLOS introduced the concept of exclusive economic zones (EEZs), which grant coastal states extended sovereign rights over resources within 200 nautical miles from their baselines. The establishment of EEZs has significantly reduced conflicts over fishing rights and resource exploitation, promoting peaceful coexistence among nations.
C. Disputes and conflicts regarding international waters boundaries
Despite the existence of international treaties, disputes over maritime boundaries continue to arise. Conflicting claims can occur between neighboring countries or even in remote areas where multiple states have overlapping territorial and economic zone claims.
Many of these disputes are driven by the desire to gain control over valuable resources, such as oil, gas, and fisheries. In some cases, historical issues, geopolitical rivalries, or unresolved colonial legacies further complicate boundary negotiations.
Resolving maritime boundary disputes often requires diplomacy, legal mechanisms, and international arbitration. The International Court of Justice and international arbitration tribunals play crucial roles in facilitating the peaceful resolution of conflicts related to international waters boundaries.
In recent years, notable cases such as the South China Sea dispute have highlighted the challenges involved in delineating and enforcing maritime boundaries. The complexity of these disputes underscores the need for continued efforts to promote dialogue, cooperation, and adherence to international law to ensure the peaceful management of international waters.
The sustainable management of international waters requires a delicate balance between national interests and global cooperation. By recognizing the historical context of boundary creation, upholding international treaties, and employing peaceful means to resolve disputes, nations can work together to protect the world’s shared aquatic resources.
Geography of International Waters
A. Major oceans and their boundaries
Understanding the geography of international waters is crucial in determining the extent and span of these waters. International waters are not confined to a single body of water but encompass various major oceans and seas around the world. The boundaries of these bodies of water play a significant role in defining the extent and limits of international waters.
The major oceans that are considered international waters include the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. Each of these oceans has its own set of boundaries that determine where international waters begin and end. The boundaries are often established through international agreements and treaties.
For example, in the case of the Atlantic Ocean, the boundaries of international waters are generally defined by the coastlines of the countries that surround it. However, there are also areas within the ocean that are designated as international waters, known as “high seas.” These areas are beyond the territorial limits of any country and are free for all nations to use.
Similarly, the other major oceans also have their own boundaries that determine the extent of international waters. These boundaries are influenced by various factors such as geographical features, continental shelves, and the presence of islands.
B. Size and shape of continents in relation to international waters
The size and shape of continents also play a role in determining the span of international waters. The shape and configuration of coastlines can influence the extent of territorial waters and the reach of a country’s exclusive economic zone.
For instance, continents or countries with extensive coastlines have a larger area of territorial waters and exclusive economic zones compared to those with smaller coastlines. This is evident in countries such as Canada, Russia, and Australia, which have vast coastlines and consequently larger areas of maritime jurisdiction.
Furthermore, the presence of peninsulas, bays, and indentations along coastlines can also impact the span of international waters. These natural features can create enclaves or semi-enclosed seas, where the boundaries of international waters may differ from those in open ocean areas.
C. Islands and their impact on international waters span
Islands also have a significant impact on the span of international waters. The presence of islands can affect the delimitation of maritime boundaries and the extent of a country’s maritime jurisdiction.
Under international law, islands are entitled to their own territorial waters, exclusive economic zones, and continental shelves, just like mainland territories. The size and location of islands can determine the extent of these maritime zones and can potentially create overlapping claims between neighboring countries.
For example, the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea are subject to territorial disputes among several countries, including China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. These disputes have implications for the span and extent of international waters in the region.
In conclusion, the geography of international waters is influenced by the boundaries of major oceans, the size and shape of continents, and the presence of islands. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial in determining the span and extent of international waters, as well as resolving disputes and establishing maritime boundaries between countries.
Length of Coastlines
A. Significance of coastline length
Understanding the length of coastlines is crucial when discussing the span of international waters. The length of a coastline refers to the total distance measured along the outline of a country’s landmass that borders the sea. This measurement is important because it helps determine the extent of a country’s territorial waters and the potential area of international waters.
Coastline length is significant for several reasons. First, it plays a role in determining a country’s maritime boundaries and the extent of its sovereignty over adjacent waters. The longer the coastline, the larger the area of territorial waters a country can claim. This has implications for resource exploitation, environmental protection, and national security.
B. Measurements of coastlines in different countries
Measuring the length of coastlines can be a complex task due to the intricacies and irregularities of coastlines. Traditionally, coastlines were measured using simple tools like chains, but with the advent of technological advancements, more precise methods have been developed. Today, sophisticated imaging techniques, such as satellite imagery and aerial photography, are used to measure coastline length accurately.
Different countries have varying coastline lengths depending on their geographical features. For example, countries with long, convoluted coastlines, such as Canada, Indonesia, and Norway, tend to have longer coastline lengths. In contrast, landlocked countries have zero coastline length.
C. Coastal indents and their impact on international waters span
Coastal indents, such as bays, gulfs, and fjords, can significantly affect the span of international waters. These geographic features create irregularities in coastlines, which in turn influence the extent of a country’s territorial waters and the size of adjacent international waters.
Coastal indents play a crucial role in determining maritime boundaries. Generally, the baseline from which a country measures its territorial waters is drawn along the outermost points of these indentations. As a result, countries with numerous or extensive coastal indents tend to have larger areas of territorial waters, consequently reducing the extent of international waters.
Furthermore, coastal indents can impact navigation and shipping routes. They can provide sheltered areas for ships and serve as important ports and harbors. Conversely, they can create navigational challenges and constraints due to their narrow and winding nature.
In conclusion, understanding the length of coastlines is vital for comprehending the span of international waters. Coastline length impacts a country’s territorial waters, resource exploitation rights, and overall maritime jurisdiction. Additionally, the presence of coastal indents influences the configuration of international waters and can have implications for navigation and shipping. Continued research and international cooperation are necessary to address the challenges and opportunities presented by the varying length of coastlines and their impact on international waters.
Impact of Tectonic Plates
A. Connection between tectonic plates and international waters span
Tectonic plates, massive pieces of the Earth’s crust, play a significant role in determining the span of international waters. The movement and interactions of these plates can cause shifts in the boundaries of maritime zones, ultimately altering the extent of international waters. Understanding the impact of tectonic plate activity is essential for accurately defining and managing these waters.
B. Subduction zones and spreading ridges altering international waters boundaries
Two major phenomena associated with tectonic plates, subduction zones, and spreading ridges, have a direct influence on international waters boundaries. Subduction zones occur when one tectonic plate slides under another, often resulting in the formation of trenches and deep-sea valleys. As the boundaries of maritime zones are defined by these geological features, subduction zones can significantly affect the extent of international waters.
On the other hand, spreading ridges occur when tectonic plates move apart, leading to the creation of new crust material. These ridges can cause the expansion of the continental shelves, potentially increasing the areas classified as national territories and reducing the span of international waters. Therefore, both subduction zones and spreading ridges contribute to the dynamic nature of international waters.
C. Volcanic activity and its impact on international waters span
Volcanic activity is another geologically driven factor that influences the span of international waters. Volcanoes can arise from the movement and collision of tectonic plates, leading to the formation of volcanic islands. The presence of these islands often extends the territorial waters and exclusive economic zones of the countries to which they belong. Consequently, the volcanic activity can reduce the extent of international waters, particularly in regions with a high concentration of volcanic islands.
Additionally, volcanic eruptions release significant amounts of volcanic ash and gases, which can impact climate patterns and alter ocean currents. These changes may indirectly influence the temperature and salinity of the water, affecting marine ecosystems and potentially leading to shifts in the distribution of species. Thus, understanding the impact of volcanic activity is crucial for assessing the overall span and ecological dynamics of international waters.
In conclusion, tectonic plates have a profound impact on the span and boundaries of international waters. Subduction zones and spreading ridges can alter these boundaries, while volcanic activity can both extend and reduce the extent of international waters. Recognizing the role of these geological processes is essential for accurately managing and protecting these valuable and diverse maritime areas. Continued research and international cooperation are necessary to better understand and address the implications of tectonic plate activity on the span of international waters.
Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
A. Rising sea levels and its impact on international waters span
The issue of climate change and the consequent rise in sea levels have significant implications for the span of international waters. As global temperatures continue to rise, glaciers and ice sheets melt, leading to the expansion of the world’s oceans. This expansion results in a rise in sea levels, which directly affects the boundaries and extent of international waters.
Rising sea levels impact coastal areas and low-lying islands by encroaching upon their territories and potentially diminishing their landmass. This alteration in the physical geography directly affects the span of international waters. As coastal territories shrink, the expanse of territorial waters and exclusive economic zones diminishes, subsequently altering maritime boundaries.
B. Efforts to measure and predict the effect of climate change on international waters
Scientists and researchers around the world are actively involved in measuring and predicting the effect of climate change on international waters. Through the use of satellite data, remote sensing technologies, and modeling techniques, they strive to estimate the rate at which sea levels are rising and project future scenarios.
These efforts involve analyzing data on melting ice caps, ocean temperatures, and the behavior of tides and currents, among other factors. By understanding these variables, scientists can develop models that predict the potential changes in international waters’ span as sea levels continue to rise.
C. Significance of international cooperation in addressing climate change impact on international waters
Addressing the impact of climate change on international waters requires international cooperation and collaboration. As the issue extends beyond national boundaries, efforts to mitigate the effects of rising sea levels and climate change must involve all nations and stakeholders.
International agreements and frameworks such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement provide platforms for countries to come together and address climate change collectively. These agreements aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable practices to minimize the impacts on international waters.
Moreover, international cooperation is necessary to develop adaptation strategies and resilience measures to protect coastal communities and ensure the sustainability of international waters. Sharing knowledge, resources, and best practices among nations can help mitigate the negative effects of climate change on the span of international waters.
In conclusion, climate change and rising sea levels have a profound impact on the span of international waters. Efforts to measure and predict these effects are crucial for understanding the changing boundaries and extent of international waters. International cooperation plays a vital role in addressing these challenges and developing sustainable solutions to protect and preserve the vital resources found in international waters. Continued research and collaboration are essential to effectively address the implications of climate change on the span of international waters in the future.
Resource Exploitation in International Waters
A. Potential resources in international waters
Resource exploitation in international waters refers to the extraction of valuable resources that exist beyond any nation’s exclusive economic zone. These resources can include oil and gas reserves, minerals, fish stocks, and even renewable energy sources such as wind and wave power. The vastness and unclaimed nature of international waters make them attractive for countries seeking to access these resources.
One of the most significant potential resources in international waters is oil and gas. There are believed to be substantial untapped reserves in various regions, particularly in the Arctic and deep-sea areas. These resources have the potential to provide countries with valuable energy sources and economic benefits. Additionally, international waters are home to large fish populations, which serve as a crucial food source for many nations.
B. Legal frameworks for resource exploitation in international waters
Resource exploitation in international waters is governed by a complex set of legal frameworks. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is the primary international agreement that establishes the rights and responsibilities of states concerning the use and exploitation of these resources. UNCLOS sets out the rules for establishing exclusive economic zones and the continental shelf, which grant countries certain rights over the resources within these areas.
Furthermore, UNCLOS also established the International Seabed Authority (ISA), which regulates deep-sea mining activities and ensures the responsible exploitation of mineral resources in international waters. The ISA issues licenses, sets environmental standards, and oversees the distribution of royalties from deep-sea mining activities.
C. Environmental implications of resource extraction in international waters
While resource extraction in international waters presents economic opportunities, it also carries significant environmental implications. Deep-sea mining, for instance, can cause habitat destruction and impact marine biodiversity. The extraction of oil and gas can result in accidental spills and pollution, which can have long-lasting ecological consequences.
Furthermore, the increased demand for fish in international waters has led to overfishing and the depletion of fish stocks. Such practices can disrupt marine ecosystems, threaten the livelihoods of coastal communities, and undermine global food security.
To address these environmental concerns, international cooperation is crucial. Countries must work together to establish sustainable fishing practices, implement strict regulations on resource extraction activities, and promote the conservation of marine habitats. Additionally, technological innovations and research are essential for developing more environmentally friendly methods of resource extraction in international waters.
In conclusion, resource exploitation in international waters offers significant economic opportunities, particularly in terms of oil and gas reserves, minerals, and fish stocks. However, it is essential to navigate the legal frameworks governing these activities and address the environmental implications associated with resource extraction. Through international collaboration and responsible practices, countries can ensure the sustainable management and protection of these valuable resources for future generations.
Maritime Security in International Waters
A. Challenges and threats in international waters
Maritime security in international waters is of utmost importance due to the various challenges and threats it faces. These challenges arise due to the vastness and complexity of the oceanic environment, which makes it difficult to monitor and regulate activities. Some of the key challenges include:
1. Piracy: Piracy remains a major threat in international waters, particularly in regions such as the Gulf of Aden and the Strait of Malacca. Pirates target commercial vessels and crew members for financial gain, endangering the safety of both human lives and maritime trade.
2. Illegal fishing: Overfishing and illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing pose significant threats to marine ecosystems and the sustainability of fish stocks in international waters. IUU fishing undermines global efforts to manage fisheries resources and undermines the livelihoods of legitimate fishermen.
3. Smuggling and trafficking: International waters also facilitate various illegal activities such as drug smuggling, human trafficking, and arms trafficking. These criminal activities pose significant security risks and have far-reaching implications for global stability.
4. Terrorism and transnational crime: Terrorist organizations and transnational criminal networks exploit the vulnerabilities of international waters for illicit activities. This includes the smuggling of weapons, drugs, and contraband goods, as well as facilitating the movement of terrorists or insurgents across borders.
B. International collaborative efforts in ensuring maritime security
Given the transboundary nature of maritime security threats, international cooperation is crucial in addressing these challenges effectively. Several collaborative efforts have been established to enhance maritime security in international waters:
1. International Maritime Organization (IMO): The IMO acts as the global regulatory authority for international shipping, responsible for developing and enforcing international maritime security standards and regulations.
2. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): UNCLOS provides the legal framework for maritime security and cooperation among nations. It establishes the rights and responsibilities of states in the use and protection of the world’s oceans.
3. Regional cooperation mechanisms: Regional organizations such as the European Union Naval Force (EU NAVFOR) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) coordinate efforts among member states to tackle piracy and other maritime security challenges in specific regions.
4. Naval patrols and maritime surveillance: Many countries conduct joint naval patrols and surveillance operations to monitor and respond to security threats in international waters. These efforts involve sharing information, conducting joint exercises, and coordinating responses to incidents at sea.
C. Piracy, illegal fishing, and other criminal activities at sea
Piracy, illegal fishing, and other criminal activities at sea have serious implications for maritime security. They not only threaten the safety and security of seafarers but also undermine economic stability and environmental sustainability. Efforts to combat these activities include:
1. Naval and coast guard operations: Many countries deploy naval and coast guard vessels to patrol areas vulnerable to piracy and illegal fishing. These operations aim to deter and intercept criminal activities at sea.
2. International cooperation and information sharing: Countries collaborate through initiatives such as the Djibouti Code of Conduct and the Information Fusion Centre to share information, coordinate responses, and build capacity in combating piracy and other maritime crimes.
3. Legal frameworks and prosecution: Countries are strengthening their legal frameworks to prosecute pirates, illegal fishermen, and other criminals operating in international waters. This includes conducting joint investigations and pursuing legal action against perpetrators.
Addressing maritime security threats in international waters requires sustained international cooperation, capacity-building efforts, and the development of comprehensive legal frameworks. By effectively combating piracy, illegal fishing, and other criminal activities at sea, the safety, security, and sustainability of international waters can be ensured for future generations.
Future Prospects and Challenges
A. Emerging issues in international waters span
As the world continues to evolve, new issues and challenges are arising in relation to the span of international waters. One of the emerging issues is the increasing demand for resources in these waters. With advances in technology, countries are now able to tap into previously untapped resources, including oil, gas, and minerals, located in international waters. This has led to competition and potential conflicts over resource exploitation.
Another emerging issue is the impact of climate change on international waters. Rising sea levels, caused by climate change, have the potential to alter coastlines and boundaries, ultimately affecting the span of international waters. This can lead to disputes and conflicts among countries as they grapple with the changing geography.
B. Concepts and proposals for addressing challenges in international waters
To address the emerging issues and challenges in international waters, various concepts and proposals have been put forward. One concept is the establishment of protected marine areas. By designating certain areas as marine protected areas, countries can ensure the preservation of marine ecosystems and biodiversity. This can help mitigate the negative impacts of resource exploitation and climate change.
Additionally, there have been proposals for improved international cooperation in the management and regulation of international waters. This includes the establishment of international bodies or organizations dedicated to governing and protecting these waters. Such organizations could facilitate the resolution of disputes, promote sustainable resource management, and coordinate efforts to address climate change impacts.
C. The need for continued research and international cooperation
Continued research and international cooperation are essential in addressing the future prospects and challenges related to the span of international waters. Through scientific research, we can better understand the changing dynamics of these waters and their implications. This knowledge can inform policy-making and decision-making processes.
International cooperation is also crucial to foster collaboration and shared responsibility in the management of international waters. By working together, countries can find innovative solutions, share best practices, and jointly address emerging challenges. This can help ensure the sustainable use and protection of international waters for future generations.
In conclusion, the future prospects and challenges regarding the span of international waters are complex and multifaceted. Emerging issues such as resource exploitation and climate change require careful consideration and action. Concepts and proposals for addressing these challenges, as well as continued research and international cooperation, are vital in order to safeguard the ecological, economic, and security interests associated with international waters. By doing so, we can ensure the long-term sustainability and well-being of these important global resources.
Conclusion
A. Recap of the span of international waters
In conclusion, international waters refer to areas of the ocean that are not under the jurisdiction of any specific country. These waters are governed by international law and hold great significance for various reasons. There are different maritime zones within international waters, including territorial waters, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones, the continental shelf, and the high seas. Understanding the span of international waters is crucial for numerous purposes, such as resource exploitation, maritime security, and environmental protection.
B. Importance of understanding and protecting international waters
It is essential to understand and protect international waters due to their vast potential and global significance. International waters are rich in resources, including fish stocks, oil, gas, minerals, and valuable ecosystems. Proper management and sustainable exploitation of these resources are necessary to ensure their availability for future generations. Additionally, the span of international waters is crucial for maintaining maritime security, preventing piracy, combatting illegal fishing, and addressing other criminal activities at sea.
Moreover, international waters play a crucial role in the global climate system. Rising sea levels caused by climate change pose a significant threat to many coastal regions and islands. Understanding the impact of climate change on the span of international waters is essential for predicting and mitigating its effects. International cooperation is vital for addressing these challenges and developing strategies to adapt to climate change and protect vulnerable areas.
C. Potential future developments in international waters span
Looking ahead, the span of international waters may face various future prospects and challenges. Emerging issues include the impacts of increasing maritime traffic, technological advancements, and the potential expansion of maritime boundaries due to changing geological conditions. Concepts and proposals such as the establishment of protected marine areas, the development of sustainable fishing practices, and the regulation of resource exploitation are being considered to address these challenges.
Continued research and international cooperation are crucial for effectively managing and protecting international waters. Robust scientific studies are needed to assess the impact of human activities on these areas and inform decision-making processes. Strengthening international agreements and frameworks is also vital to ensure proper governance and sustainable management of international waters.
In conclusion, international waters span vast distances and hold diverse resources and ecosystems. Understanding their extent and potential is essential for various reasons, including resource exploitation, maritime security, and addressing climate change impacts. It is crucial to prioritize the protection and sustainable management of international waters through continued research, international cooperation, and the development of robust governance frameworks. By doing so, we can preserve these essential areas for future generations and safeguard the well-being of our planet.