In the bustling realm of insects, a mind-boggling array of tiny creatures scurry and soar, living out their lives in a world intricately interconnected with our own. While we often overlook them in our daily routines, the sheer abundance and diversity of these diminutive beings beg the question: how many bugs meet their demise each day? Unlocking the mysteries of insect mortality isn’t merely an exercise in fascination, but a crucial endeavor that has implications for ecological balance, agriculture, and even our own societal well-being. By delving into this enigmatic realm, we can gain a deeper understanding of the intricate web of life that surrounds us, and learn to appreciate the remarkable contributions, as well as vulnerabilities, of these unsung heroes of the natural world.
Despite their numbers, insects have historically been regarded as mere statistical footnotes in the annals of scientific research. However, recent studies have begun to shed light on the staggering scale of insect mortality. It is estimated that billions, if not trillions, of bugs perish each day on a global scale. The factors influencing insect deaths are as varied as the species themselves, ranging from natural causes such as predation and disease, to human-induced threats like habitat loss and pesticide use. As we delve deeper into this mysterious world of insect mortality, we find ourselves face to face with the realization that our actions, both intentional and unintentional, can have profound consequences on the delicate balance of our ecosystems.
Defining insect mortality
A. Different types of insect mortality (natural vs. human-caused)
Insect mortality refers to the death or loss of insects in a population. It can be classified into two main categories: natural mortality and human-caused mortality.
Natural mortality encompasses the various factors in the environment that contribute to insect deaths. These can include predation and parasitism, where insects fall victim to other animals or parasites. Disease and pathogens also play a significant role in natural mortality, as insects can become infected and ultimately die as a result. Additionally, accidents and environmental factors such as extreme weather events or natural disasters can lead to the mortality of insects.
On the other hand, human-caused mortality is the result of human activities and interventions. Pesticides, for example, are widely used in agriculture to control pests but can inadvertently harm beneficial insects. The extensive use of pesticides can lead to a decline in insect populations. Habitat destruction and fragmentation caused by human activities like deforestation and urbanization also contribute to insect mortality. These activities can eliminate or disrupt the natural habitats insects rely on for survival. Climate change is another significant factor contributing to insect mortality, as it disrupts ecosystems and affects the availability of resources and suitable conditions for insects.
B. Factors affecting insect mortality rates
Various factors influence the mortality rates of insects. One critical factor is the insect’s lifespan, as different species have varying life expectancies. Some insects may only live for a few days, while others can survive for several years. The availability of resources such as food, water, and suitable nesting or breeding sites also impacts insect mortality rates. Competition for resources within a population can lead to increased mortality.
Environmental conditions also play a significant role. Insects are sensitive to changes in temperature, humidity, and overall climate conditions. Extreme weather events such as heatwaves, droughts, or cold spells can result in significant mortality. Pollution, both chemical and air pollution, can also contribute to insect deaths by disrupting their physiological processes.
Understanding the factors that affect insect mortality rates is crucial for assessing the overall health and stability of ecosystems. It allows scientists and researchers to identify potential threats and develop strategies for conservation and management. By unraveling the dynamics of insect mortality, we can gain valuable insights into the delicate balance of nature and the intricate relationships between insects and their environment.
IEstimating insect population
A. Challenges in determining insect population size
Estimating insect populations is a challenging task due to various factors. One major challenge is the vast number of insect species that exist, with experts estimating their total number to be in the millions. Each species has its own unique habitat requirements, life cycle, and behaviors, making it difficult to implement a standardized method for population estimation.
Furthermore, insects vary in size, making it impractical to manually count every individual. With most insects being small and highly abundant, traditional counting techniques would be time-consuming, inefficient, and potentially inaccurate.
In addition, insects are highly mobile. They can easily disperse over large distances, making it challenging to track and monitor their populations effectively. Some species migrate seasonally, further complicating population estimation efforts.
Another challenge in determining insect population size is the lack of comprehensive data. Insect populations are dynamic and can vary significantly over time and across different habitats. The available data may be limited to specific regions or certain periods, making it difficult to make accurate assessments on a global or long-term scale.
B. Methods used to estimate insect populations
To overcome the challenges associated with estimating insect populations, scientists utilize a variety of methods. One commonly used approach is the use of trapping techniques. Insects are attracted to specific baits or pheromones and are captured in traps, allowing researchers to collect and count the specimens over a specific time period.
Another method involves the use of mark and recapture techniques. In this approach, a sample of insects is captured and marked, typically by tagging or marking their bodies. The marked insects are then released back into the population, and after a period of time, a new sample is collected. By comparing the number of marked insects in the second sample to the total number captured, researchers can estimate the population size.
Advances in technology have also facilitated the use of automated monitoring systems. These systems use cameras, sensors, and other devices to record insect activity and behavior. The collected data can then be analyzed to estimate population sizes and monitor changes over time.
Overall, estimating insect populations is a complex task that requires the integration of multiple methods and approaches. Continued advancements in technology and research are vital for improving our understanding of insect dynamics and mortality rates. Accurate population estimates are crucial for developing effective conservation strategies and mitigating the potential consequences of declining insect populations.
RecommendedLifecycle and Lifespan of Insects
Overview of Insect Life Stages
Insects, like other organisms, go through a series of distinct life stages. These stages, collectively known as metamorphosis, can vary among different insect species. The most common types of insect metamorphosis are incomplete metamorphosis and complete metamorphosis.
Incomplete metamorphosis refers to insects that undergo three main stages: egg, nymph, and adult. In this process, the newly hatched insect, called a nymph, resembles a miniature version of the adult and goes through several molts before reaching adulthood. Examples of insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis include grasshoppers, crickets, and cockroaches.
On the other hand, complete metamorphosis involves four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. In this type of metamorphosis, the larva, which is the feeding stage, looks completely different from the adult. The larva then transforms into a pupa, during which significant changes occur internally. Finally, the adult insect emerges from the pupa. Examples of insects that undergo complete metamorphosis include butterflies, beetles, and ants.
Lifespan Variations Among Different Insect Species
The lifespan of insects can greatly differ depending on the species. Some insects, such as mayflies and adult worker bees, have remarkably short lifespans, sometimes lasting only a few hours or days. These insects often prioritize reproduction over longevity, with reproductive activities occurring shortly after reaching adulthood.
Conversely, certain insect species, such as queen bees and some beetles, have significantly longer lifespans. Queen bees can live for several years, whereas some beetles can survive for several decades. These longer lifespans are usually associated with the reproductive role and the need to ensure the survival and continuity of their respective colonies or populations.
It is important to note that while particular species may have average lifespans, individual insects within a species can experience variations in lifespan based on factors such as environmental conditions, resource availability, and predation rates.
Understanding the variations in lifespans among different insect species is crucial in assessing their susceptibility to mortality factors and their overall population dynamics. Factors such as habitat loss, climate change, and pesticide use can have disproportionate effects on insect species with shorter lifespans, potentially leading to population declines and ecological imbalances.
In conclusion, insects experience diverse life stages and exhibit considerable variations in lifespan among different species. By understanding these aspects, researchers can gain insights into the vulnerabilities and resilience of insect populations. This knowledge is essential for addressing the challenges associated with insect mortality and developing effective conservation strategies to protect these vital creatures and maintain the delicate balance of ecosystems.
Natural causes of insect mortality
A. Predation and parasitism
Insects face numerous threats in their natural habitats, and predation and parasitism are two major causes of mortality. Predators such as birds, spiders, and other insects feed on insects as their primary food source. They have evolved diverse hunting strategies and adaptations, making them highly efficient in capturing and consuming their prey. Insect larvae are particularly vulnerable to predation, as they cannot defend themselves well against natural enemies.
Parasitism is another natural cause of insect mortality. Several species of parasitic insects lay their eggs on or within their hosts, and when the eggs hatch, the larvae feed on the host until it dies. Parasitic wasps, for example, inject their eggs into the bodies of specific insect hosts, and the developing wasp larvae then consume the host from the inside. This predatory behavior helps regulate insect populations and maintain ecological balance.
B. Disease and pathogens
Like any living organisms, insects are susceptible to diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens. These diseases can spread rapidly among insect populations, leading to significant mortality rates. Insects also serve as carriers for certain diseases that affect humans and other animals. For example, mosquitoes transmit diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and Zika virus.
Environmental factors, such as humidity and temperature, can also contribute to the prevalence and severity of insect diseases. Warm and humid conditions often favor the growth and transmission of pathogens, leading to higher mortality rates among insect populations.
C. Accidents and environmental factors
Insects face numerous environmental hazards that can result in accidental mortality. Severe weather events like storms, floods, and extreme temperatures can cause direct mortality by crushing or freezing insects. Additionally, pollutants in the air, water, or soil can have toxic effects on insects, impairing their development, reproduction, and overall health.
Accidental mortality can also occur due to physical barriers, such as roadways and buildings, which disrupt insect movement and migration patterns. Insects may collide with vehicles or get trapped inside buildings, leading to their untimely demise.
Understanding the natural causes of insect mortality is crucial for gaining insights into broader ecological dynamics. By studying the various factors contributing to insect mortality rates, researchers can develop strategies to mitigate threats and promote the conservation of insect populations. This knowledge is also valuable for assessing the potential impacts of declining insect populations on ecosystems and human activities reliant on insect services.
Human-caused insect mortality
Pesticides and their impact on insect populations
The widespread use of pesticides and its consequences on insect mortality
Pesticides play a significant role in human-caused insect mortality. These chemicals are commonly used in agriculture, forestry, and public health to control pests and diseases that can harm crops, livestock, or human health. While pesticides have indeed helped increase crop yields and protect human populations from diseases, their unintended effects on insect populations cannot be ignored.
The widespread use of pesticides has led to a decline in insect populations worldwide. This is primarily due to the toxicity of these chemicals, which can have immediate lethal effects on insects upon contact or ingestion. Insects that are directly targeted by pesticides, such as agricultural pests or disease-carrying mosquitoes, are especially vulnerable to population decline.
Furthermore, the use of broad-spectrum pesticides, which are designed to kill a wide range of pests, can also harm beneficial insects that provide crucial ecosystem services. For example, bees and other pollinators are essential for the reproduction of many plant species and the production of agricultural crops. The toxic effects of pesticides on these pollinators can disrupt pollination processes and ultimately affect food production.
Habitat destruction and fragmentation
The destruction and fragmentation of habitats and its impact on insect mortality
Habitat destruction and fragmentation are major drivers of insect mortality. As human activities expand, natural habitats are being destroyed or degraded to make way for agriculture, urbanization, infrastructure development, and other human needs. This loss of habitat can have severe consequences for insect populations that rely on specific habitats for food, shelter, and reproduction.
When habitats are destroyed, insects lose their homes and food sources, leading to population declines. Additionally, habitat fragmentation further exacerbates the issue by isolating populations and reducing their genetic diversity. Fragmented populations are more vulnerable to extinction due to decreased gene flow and increased susceptibility to environmental stressors.
Climate change and its effect on insect survival
The impact of climate change on insect mortality
Climate change poses a significant threat to insect survival and can increase mortality rates. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events disrupt the delicate balance of ecosystems and can directly and indirectly affect insect populations.
Insects have specific temperature and moisture requirements for their development, reproduction, and survival. As temperatures rise, some insect species may struggle to adapt, resulting in decreased survival rates and population decline. Shifts in precipitation patterns can also disrupt the availability of suitable breeding sites, food sources, or microclimates necessary for insect survival.
Furthermore, climate change can lead to changes in phenology, the timing of life cycle events, such as emergence, flowering, or migration. If insect species fail to synchronize their life cycles with essential resources or other species they interact with, their survival and reproductive success may be compromised.
In conclusion, human activities significantly contribute to insect mortality. The use of pesticides, habitat destruction and fragmentation, and climate change all have profound impacts on insect populations. Recognizing and addressing these factors are vital for the conservation of insects and the ecosystems they inhabit. Efforts should be made to promote sustainable agricultural practices, reduce pesticide use, protect and restore habitats, and mitigate the effects of climate change to ensure the survival of insects and the invaluable services they provide. Further research and understanding of insect mortality dynamics are necessary to guide conservation efforts effectively.
The controversy surrounding insect mortality
The role of insects in food chains and ecosystems
Insects play a vital role in the functioning of ecosystems and food chains. They serve as a significant source of food for various animals, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, and other insects. Insect-eating animals rely heavily on insects as their primary food source, making them an essential component of the trophic structure. Furthermore, insects contribute to nutrient cycling and decomposition processes, facilitating the breakdown of organic matter and the recycling of nutrients back into the ecosystem. Their activities in pollination also support the reproduction of numerous plant species, including many crops that are crucial for human consumption.
The potential consequences of declining insect populations
The decline in insect populations has raised concerns about the potential consequences for both ecosystems and human society. Insects’ essential roles in pollination and nutrient cycling could be severely disrupted if their populations continue to decrease. Reduced pollination could result in decreased crop yields, leading to food shortages and increased prices. Furthermore, the loss of insects could have cascading effects on other species that depend on them for food, potentially leading to a decline in biodiversity and ecosystem stability.
In addition to their ecological importance, insects also provide various ecosystem services, including pest control. Many insects, such as ladybugs and parasitic wasps, act as natural predators of agricultural pests, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. If insect populations decline, the balance between pests and their natural enemies could be disrupted, leading to increased pest damage and the necessity for more chemical interventions.
Furthermore, the loss of certain insect species could have significant implications for scientific research and medical advancements. Some insects produce valuable substances that are used in pharmaceuticals, while others are important model organisms for studying genetics and physiology. The decline of these species could limit our ability to develop new drugs or advance scientific knowledge in these areas.
Overall, the controversy surrounding insect mortality highlights the critical role that insects play in ecosystems and the potential far-reaching consequences of their decline. Understanding and addressing the factors contributing to insect mortality is crucial for the preservation of biodiversity, food security, and the sustainability of ecosystems. Further research is needed to unravel the complexities of insect mortality dynamics and develop effective conservation strategies.
Studies and Research on Insect Mortality
A. Notable studies on insect mortality rates
In recent years, several notable studies have contributed to our understanding of insect mortality rates. One such study conducted by researchers at the University of Würzburg in Germany revealed alarming declines in insect populations. Published in the journal PLOS ONE in 2017, the study found that insect biomass had decreased by a staggering 76% over the past 27 years in German nature reserves. This study provided one of the first comprehensive assessments of insect decline on a large scale.
Another groundbreaking study was conducted by an international team of researchers and published in the journal Science in 2019. This study estimated that over 40% of insect species are declining and one-third are endangered. The researchers reviewed 73 existing studies and analyzed long-term insect surveys from various regions around the world. Their findings confirmed that insect populations are declining rapidly across different ecosystems, reinforcing the urgent need for action to address this crisis.
B. Advances in insect mortality research methods
Advances in research methods have greatly contributed to our understanding of insect mortality. Traditional methods, such as manual collection and observation, have limitations in terms of scale and accuracy. However, modern techniques like DNA barcoding and remote sensing provide more efficient and precise ways to study insect populations.
DNA barcoding involves analyzing a specific DNA region to identify species. This method has revolutionized insect taxonomy and population estimation. By comparing DNA sequences, scientists can determine the presence and abundance of different insect species, even in complex ecosystems.
Remote sensing technologies, such as satellite imagery and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), allow researchers to monitor and map insect habitats. By analyzing vegetation patterns and environmental variables, scientists can infer insect population dynamics and mortality rates.
Furthermore, citizen science initiatives have emerged as valuable resources in insect mortality research. These projects involve the general public in collecting data on insect observations and mortality. By harnessing the collective power of citizen scientists, researchers can gather large amounts of data across wide geographic areas, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of insect mortality.
In conclusion, recent studies have shed light on the alarming decline of insect populations, emphasizing the need for further research and conservation efforts. Advances in research methods, such as DNA barcoding and remote sensing, have enhanced our ability to study insect mortality rates at various scales. However, there is still much to learn about the complex dynamics of insect mortality, and continued research is crucial for the preservation of ecosystem health and biodiversity.
Unraveling the Mystery: How Many Bugs Die a Day?
A. Estimates based on available data
The question of how many bugs die each day is a perplexing one, as it is challenging to obtain precise figures. However, several estimates have been made based on available data, shedding light on the scale of insect mortality. One study conducted by researchers at the University of California estimated that in the United States alone, over 200 million insects die every day. This figure includes insects from various habitats and ecosystems, ranging from forests to agricultural fields.
Additionally, another approach to estimating insect mortality involves quantifying the biomass of insects consumed by predators. Using this approach, researchers estimated that spiders alone consume between 400 and 800 million metric tons of insects annually worldwide. While these estimates provide a glimpse into the vast number of insects dying each day, it is important to note that they are based on limited data and may not capture the full extent of insect mortality.
B. Variations based on different insect species and habitats
The number of bugs dying each day can vary significantly based on the specific insect species and their respective habitats. Insect mortality rates can be influenced by factors such as predation, disease, environmental conditions, and human activities. For instance, insects in agricultural landscapes may face higher mortality rates due to pesticide applications or habitat disturbance.
Moreover, the lifespan of different insect species can greatly affect their daily mortality. For instance, some adult mayflies only live for a few hours, resulting in a high daily mortality rate, while other insects like beetles can live for several years. Environmental factors such as temperature and moisture levels can also influence insect mortality rates, as some species are more resilient to harsh conditions than others.
Furthermore, the variation in insect mortality rates can be observed within different habitats. Forest ecosystems, for example, may have a higher diversity of insects and a more intricate food web, leading to both higher predation rates and higher mortality overall. Conversely, in more simplified habitats like deserts, where resources and predators may be scarce, insect mortality rates may be lower.
Overall, unraveling the mystery of how many bugs die each day requires a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence insect mortality. Further research is needed to gather data from diverse ecosystems and refine estimation methods. Only by unraveling this mystery can we fully comprehend the ecological implications and develop effective strategies for conserving insect populations.
X. Implications for humans
A. Impact on agriculture and food production
Insect mortality has significant implications for humans, particularly in the realm of agriculture and food production. Insects play a crucial role in pollinating crops, allowing for the reproduction of many fruits, vegetables, and nuts that form the backbone of our food system. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, approximately 75% of all globally important crop types rely at least partly on animal pollination, with insects being the primary pollinators.
However, declining insect populations can disrupt this delicate balance and have a direct impact on crop yields. Without sufficient numbers of pollinators, crops may not receive adequate pollination, leading to reduced yields and lower-quality produce. This can have consequences for food security, as well as economic implications for farmers.
Furthermore, some insects, such as bees, are not only essential pollinators but also natural predators of agricultural pests. By controlling pest populations, these insects help reduce the need for chemical pesticides, making agriculture more sustainable and environmentally-friendly. The loss of these beneficial insects due to mortality can result in increased reliance on chemical pest control methods, which can have negative impacts on human health and the environment.
B. Effects on pest control and crop pollination
Insect mortality also affects pest control efforts in agricultural systems. Many insects, such as ladybugs and lacewings, are voracious predators of agricultural pests like aphids and caterpillars. These natural enemies help keep pest populations in check, reducing the need for chemical interventions.
When these beneficial insects experience high mortality rates, the balance between pests and their natural predators is disrupted. This can lead to outbreaks of pests and an increased reliance on chemical pesticides, which can have negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystem health.
Moreover, the decline in insects also impacts the broader ecosystem functions that pests and their predators contribute to. Insects are an important part of the food chain, with many bird and mammal species relying on them as a primary food source. Therefore, reducing insect populations can have cascading effects on other animals further up the food chain.
Overall, understanding and addressing insect mortality is crucial for maintaining sustainable agricultural practices, ensuring food security, and preserving biodiversity. Efforts to conserve insect populations and promote sustainable farming practices are essential for mitigating the negative consequences of insect mortality on human well-being and the environment. Further research and a concerted global effort are needed to unravel the complex dynamics of insect mortality and develop effective conservation strategies.
RecommendedConservation efforts and solutions
A. Protecting insect habitats
Conservation efforts aimed at protecting insect habitats are crucial in ensuring the survival of insect populations. Habitat loss and degradation are significant factors contributing to the decline in insect numbers. Therefore, preserving and restoring natural habitats is essential for maintaining healthy insect populations.
One approach to protecting insect habitats is through the establishment and maintenance of nature reserves and protected areas. These areas provide a safe haven for insects, free from human disturbances such as pesticide use and habitat destruction. Creating and maintaining corridors between these protected areas also allows insects to move and disperse, avoiding isolation and inbreeding.
Additionally, promoting sustainable land management practices can help reduce the negative impacts of agriculture and other human activities on insect habitats. Implementing practices such as organic farming, agroforestry, and integrated pest management can minimize the use of harmful pesticides and preserve natural ecosystems within agricultural landscapes.
B. Promoting sustainable farming practices
Intensive agricultural practices pose significant threats to insect populations. Large-scale monoculture, heavy pesticide use, and mechanized farming methods all contribute to the loss of biodiversity and insect decline. To address these issues, promoting sustainable farming practices is crucial.
Adopting agroecological approaches can play a significant role in conserving insect populations. Agroecology focuses on creating synergies between agricultural production and biodiversity conservation. By implementing diverse cropping systems, reducing chemical inputs, and enhancing natural pest control mechanisms, farmers can support healthy insect populations while ensuring food production.
Furthermore, the use of pollinator-friendly practices in agriculture is vital for maintaining the essential service of crop pollination. Incorporating flowering plants and creating hedgerows or wildflower strips in agricultural landscapes provide additional food resources and nesting habitats for pollinators.
C. Alternative pest control methods
Reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides is essential in mitigating the negative impacts on insect populations. Alternative pest control methods, such as biological control, can provide effective and sustainable solutions.
Biological control involves using natural enemies, such as beneficial insects, birds, or bacteria, to regulate pest populations. This approach minimizes the use of chemical pesticides and allows beneficial insects to thrive. Implementing biological control strategies requires a deep understanding of ecological interactions and careful selection of compatible natural enemies.
Integrated pest management (IPM) is another approach that combines different pest control methods to minimize harmful impacts on insects. By utilizing cultural practices, biological control, and targeted pesticide use only when necessary, IPM aims to balance pest control with conservation.
Overall, conservation efforts should prioritize protecting insect habitats, promoting sustainable farming practices, and exploring alternative pest control methods. By implementing these solutions, we can contribute to the preservation of insect populations and ensure the crucial services they provide to ecosystems and human societies. Continued research and understanding of insect mortality dynamics are essential for effective conservation strategies.
XConclusion
A. Summary of key findings
Throughout this article, we have explored the mysterious world of insect mortality and its significance in ecosystems. Insects play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems and are integral to various processes such as pollination and decomposition. Understanding insect mortality is essential for preserving biodiversity and ensuring the stability of ecosystems.
We have defined insect mortality and discussed the different types of mortality, including natural and human-caused. Factors that affect insect mortality rates, such as predation, disease, pesticides, habitat destruction, and climate change, have been examined. Additionally, we have explored the challenges in estimating insect populations and the methods used to overcome these challenges.
The lifecycle and lifespan of insects have been explored, revealing variations between different species. Natural causes of insect mortality, including predation, parasitism, disease, accidents, and environmental factors, have been identified and discussed. Human-caused insect mortality, such as pesticide use, habitat destruction, and climate change, has been highlighted as a significant concern.
The controversy surrounding insect mortality has also been addressed, emphasizing the role of insects in food chains and ecosystems and the potential consequences of declining populations. Notable studies on insect mortality rates and advancements in research methods have been presented.
Furthermore, we have attempted to unravel the mystery of how many bugs die a day. Although precise numbers are challenging to determine, estimates based on available data suggest that millions, if not billions, of insects perish daily. Variations based on different species and habitats have been acknowledged.
B. Call to further research and understanding insect mortality dynamics
The complex dynamics of insect mortality require further research to deepen our understanding. Future studies should focus on improving estimation methods, particularly for hard-to-reach habitats and elusive insect species. Long-term monitoring initiatives can provide valuable data to track changes in insect populations over time.
Considering the implications for humans, more research is needed to assess the impact of declining insect populations on agriculture and food production. Alternative pest control methods that minimize harm to beneficial insects should be explored, alongside sustainable farming practices that prioritize insect conservation.
In conclusion, unraveling the mysterious world of insect mortality is crucial for preserving biodiversity and maintaining the delicate balance of ecosystems. It is imperative that we recognize the importance of insects and take action to protect their habitats, mitigate human-caused mortality, and promote sustainable practices. By doing so, we can secure a future where insects thrive, benefiting both the natural world and human society.