Ballet has long captivated audiences with its graceful movements and impressive displays of strength and technique. One of the most iconic elements of ballet is the ability of dancers to stand on their toes, a skill known as pointe technique. For many, this seemingly impossible feat is a enigma. How do ballet dancers manage to defy gravity and dance on the tips of their toes? The answer lies in a combination of rigorous training, specialized footwear, and anatomical adaptations that have allowed dancers to achieve the beauty and ethereal quality that is synonymous with ballet. In this article, we will delve into the intricate world of pointe technique, decoding the secrets behind this mesmerizing and physically demanding skill.
Brief history of pointe technique
A. Origins and development of dancing en pointe
Pointe technique, the ability to dance on the tips of the toes, is a defining and iconic aspect of ballet. The origins of pointe work can be traced back to the 19th century, specifically to the development of the pointe shoe. Prior to this innovation, female ballet dancers primarily performed in soft slippers, limiting their ability to dance on their toes.
It was in the early 1800s that Italian ballerina Marie Taglioni revolutionized ballet by performing in the first pair of pointe shoes. Taglioni’s performance in “La Sylphide” in 1832 showcased the ethereal and otherworldly quality that could be achieved through dancing en pointe.
As the popularity of pointe work grew, ballet companies began refining the technique and expanding the repertoire of movements. Russian ballet dancer Anna Pavlova further popularized pointe technique in the early 20th century with her delicate and expressive performances.
B. Famous ballet dancers who popularized the technique
Throughout history, numerous ballet dancers have left a lasting impact on the development and popularization of pointe technique. One such dancer is Alicia Markova, the first British ballerina to achieve international acclaim. Known for her technical precision and graceful lines, Markova inspired generations of dancers to pursue pointe work.
Another iconic figure in the world of ballet is Margot Fonteyn. Fonteyn’s impeccable technique and artistry set a standard for dancers around the world. She was renowned for her ability to seamlessly blend the technical demands of pointe work with emotional storytelling.
In more recent times, Misty Copeland has become a trailblazer in ballet. As the first African American female principal dancer with the American Ballet Theatre, Copeland’s success on pointe has shattered stereotypes and opened doors for dancers of color.
These dancers, among others, have not only pushed the boundaries of what is possible in pointe technique but have also made it more accessible and inclusive. Their contributions have inspired aspiring ballet dancers from all walks of life to embark on their own pointe journey.
The Anatomy of the Feet and Ankles
Structure of the bones, muscles, and ligaments relevant to pointe technique
In order to understand how ballet dancers are able to stand on their toes, it is essential to examine the intricate anatomy of their feet and ankles. The bones, muscles, and ligaments in these areas play a crucial role in supporting the body’s weight and maintaining balance while dancing en pointe.
The feet comprise 26 bones, which are divided into three main sections: the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot. The hindfoot consists of the talus and calcaneus, while the midfoot is composed of the cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiform bones. The forefoot contains the metatarsals and phalanges. These bones are connected by various joints, including the ankle joint, subtalar joint, and numerous intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints.
The muscles of the feet and ankles are classified into intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. The intrinsic muscles are located within the foot and are responsible for fine movements and stability. The extrinsic muscles originate outside the foot and control larger movements. These muscles work in harmony to provide the strength and control necessary for dancers to rise onto their toes.
Ligaments in the feet and ankles provide support and stability by connecting bones together. The most important ligaments for pointe work are the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, and deltoid ligament, which prevent excessive rolling or twisting of the ankle. Strong ligaments are crucial for dancers to maintain proper alignment and balance while standing en pointe.
Unique characteristics of ballet dancers’ feet and ankles
Ballet dancers often boast unique anatomical features of their feet and ankles, which contribute to their ability to perform pointe work. Through years of training and the demands of ballet technique, dancers’ feet and ankles undergo specific adaptations.
One common characteristic is a high arch, also known as a ballet arch. This natural or acquired arch allows dancers to distribute their weight evenly on the toes while en pointe, facilitating balance and stability. Additionally, ballet dancers often have strong and flexible ankles, enabling them to achieve a higher relevé (rise) and execute precise footwork.
Furthermore, dancers’ feet are often more flexible overall due to the stretching and conditioning exercises they regularly perform. This increased flexibility allows for greater articulation of the foot, essential when executing intricate footwork and maintaining proper alignment while en pointe.
It is important to note that while certain anatomical features may be advantageous for ballet dancers, technique and training play a significant role in achieving and maintaining the ability to stand on their toes. Dancers must continually work to strengthen their feet and ankles and refine their technique through proper training and guidance.
In conclusion, understanding the anatomy of the feet and ankles provides insight into the physical requirements and adaptations that ballet dancers undergo to perform pointe work. The unique characteristics of their feet, combined with rigorous training, allow dancers to achieve the seemingly enigmatic feat of standing on their toes with grace and precision.
Importance of proper technique and training
A. The role of strength, flexibility, and control in dancing en pointe
Proper technique and training are essential for ballet dancers to successfully execute pointe work. Dancing en pointe requires a high level of strength, flexibility, and control, as it places a significant amount of stress on the feet and ankles.
Strength is crucial in supporting the body’s weight on the toes. Ballet dancers spend years developing the necessary muscular strength, particularly in the feet, ankles, and legs. Exercises such as relevés and eleves help strengthen the foot and calf muscles, while pliés and tendus improve overall leg strength.
Flexibility is also vital in pointe work. Dancers must have sufficient ankle flexibility to achieve the correct alignment while on pointe. Additionally, flexibility in the hips and lower back allows for fluid movements and graceful lines. Regular stretching exercises targeting these areas help improve flexibility and prevent injuries.
Control plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and stability while dancing en pointe. Dancers must have precise control over their foot and ankle movements to execute intricate steps and turns. This control is developed through years of practice and training, focusing on isolating and strengthening specific muscles.
B. The risks and injuries associated with incorrect technique
Using incorrect technique while dancing en pointe can lead to various injuries and pose significant risks to dancers. It is essential to maintain proper alignment and ensure that weight is evenly distributed on the toes.
One common injury associated with incorrect technique is tendonitis, which occurs due to excessive stress on the tendons in the feet and ankles. Dancers may also experience stress fractures or sprained ankles if weight is not correctly placed on the toes, resulting in overloading of specific bones or ligaments.
Furthermore, poor technique can lead to muscular imbalances, such as tight calves or weak arches, which can increase the risk of injury. It is crucial for ballet dancers to receive proper training and guidance from qualified instructors to minimize these risks.
Overall, proper technique and training are fundamental in the journey towards dancing en pointe. Dancers must dedicate themselves to building strength, flexibility, and control to execute the demanding movements of pointe work. By prioritizing correct technique and seeking guidance from instructors, ballet dancers can minimize the risk of injury and maximize their potential for artistic expression on pointe.
Preparation for dancing en pointe
A. Early training and foundational exercises
Before a ballet dancer can accomplish the seemingly impossible feat of standing on their toes, they must undergo a rigorous and gradual process of preparation. Early training plays a crucial role in building the strength, technique, and body awareness necessary for dancing en pointe.
At the beginner level, aspiring ballet dancers focus on developing foundational skills such as balance, coordination, and proper alignment. Instructors emphasize the importance of correct posture and alignment from a young age, as these aspects are fundamental to executing pointe work safely and effectively.
Foundational exercises include basic strengthening exercises for the feet and ankles, such as relevés, pliés, and tendus. These exercises help to develop the necessary muscle strength and control that will be required for dancing en pointe in the future.
B. Progression through pre-pointe training
As dancers progress in their training, they enter a phase known as pre-pointe training. During this stage, dancers continue to build strength and technique while specifically targeting the muscles and ligaments involved in pointe work.
Pre-pointe training often includes exercises such as foot articulation exercises, theraband exercises to improve ankle stability, and ankle strengthening exercises. These exercises focus on developing the intrinsic muscles of the feet, as well as the muscles that support the ankle joint.
Additionally, dancers may work on balance exercises and begin to practice rising onto the balls of their feet in soft shoes. This helps to train the muscles to support the body weight in a way that is similar to dancing en pointe.
It is important to note that the duration of pre-pointe training can vary greatly depending on the individual dancer. Some dancers may progress quickly, while others may require more time to build the necessary strength and technique.
Overall, the process of preparation for dancing en pointe is a gradual and meticulous one. It requires discipline, perseverance, and dedication from the aspiring ballet dancer. By laying a strong foundation and progressing through pre-pointe training, dancers can build the necessary strength and technique to ultimately achieve the enigmatic and captivating art of dancing on their toes.
The Pointe Shoe
Evolution and design of pointe shoes over time
Pointe shoes, an essential tool for ballet dancers to perform en pointe, have undergone significant changes and refinements throughout history. The early development of pointe shoes can be traced back to the early 19th century. At that time, ballet dancers would dance on their toes by sewing blocks of leather or fabric to the soles of their ballet slippers. These makeshift constructions provided some support but lacked the structure and stability required for the demanding technique.
It was not until the 20th century that advancements in technology and materials revolutionized the design of pointe shoes. Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova played a crucial role in the evolution of pointe shoes. She collaborated with the Capezio footwear company to create the first pointe shoes with a flat box and a stronger shank, enhancing stability and foot support. This development enabled dancers to execute more demanding choreography and raised the popularity of pointe technique.
Today, pointe shoes are carefully crafted with specific features to support dancers’ feet and allow them to execute technical movements with precision. The modern pointe shoe consists of a sturdy box made of layers of satin or canvas and reinforced with glue and cardboard. The box provides a supportive platform for the dancers to balance on their toes. The shank, which is typically made of compressed layers of leather or plastic, provides strength and flexibility to accommodate the movements of the foot.
Different types of pointe shoes and their suitability for various dancers
Pointe shoe manufacturers offer a range of options to cater to the unique needs and preferences of different ballet dancers. Factors such as foot shape, strength, and level of experience play a significant role in determining the right pointe shoe for each individual.
The three primary factors that distinguish pointe shoes from one another are the vamp, the shank, and the sole. The vamp refers to the height and shape of the front part of the shoe, which affects the support and flexibility of the foot. The shank, as mentioned earlier, determines the level of support and flexibility the shoe provides. Lastly, the sole can eTher be full or split, with split soles allowing for greater arch flexibility.
Dancers with high arches may opt for shoes with a higher vamp, providing additional support and preventing the foot from sinking too far into the box. Those with lower arches may benefit from shoes with a lower vamp, allowing for greater flexibility. The hardness and flexibility of the shank vary among different shoe models, ranging from soft to hard, and dancers can choose according to their strength and technical requirements.
It is crucial for dancers to work closely with a professional pointe shoe fitter to find the most suitable shoe for their feet. Experienced fitters can assess the dancer’s foot structure, strength, and level of proficiency to guide them toward the optimal shoe choice. Finding the right pointe shoe is not a one-size-fits-all process but rather a personalized journey that ensures dancers can perform at their best while minimizing the risk of injuries.
Overall, pointe shoes have come a long way since their early beginnings. The constant refinement of their design continues to enhance dancers’ performance and shape the artistry of pointe technique. By understanding the evolution and different options available, ballet dancers can find the perfect pointe shoe to support their feet and elevate their technique.
Preparing the Feet for Pointe Work
A. Exercises and stretches to increase foot and ankle strength
Dancing en pointe requires immense strength and flexibility in the feet and ankles. Ballet dancers must undergo specific exercises and stretches to prepare their feet for the demands of pointe work.
To strengthen the feet, exercises such as releves, demi-pointes, and foot arch lifts are essential. Releves involve rising onto the toes and holding the position to build strength in the feet and ankles. Demi-pointes, or half-pointe exercises, involve rising onto the balls of the feet without fully coming onto the toes. This exercise helps build the necessary strength and control for dancing en pointe. Foot arch lifts involve lifting the foot while maintaining a pointed position, targeting the muscles responsible for creating the arch.
Stretching exercises are equally important to improve ankle flexibility. These include exercises like ankle circles, ankle stretches against resistance, and pointe and flex exercises. Ankle circles involve rotating the ankle in circular motions to increase mobility. Ankle stretches against resistance, such as using resistance bands, help improve flexibility and strengthen the ankle muscles. Pointe and flex exercises focus on stretching and articulating the foot, enhancing the dancer’s ability to achieve the desired shape and line of the foot.
B. Proper care and maintenance of the feet
In addition to exercises and stretches, proper care and maintenance of the feet are crucial for ballet dancers to prevent injuries and ensure the longevity of their pointe careers.
One important aspect of foot care is ensuring that the toenails are kept short and well-maintained. Long toenails can cause discomfort and even injury when dancing en pointe. Regular trimming and maintenance of toenails can help avoid these issues.
Another key aspect is attending to any blisters, calluses, or corns that may develop as a result of pointe work. Proper padding, such as toe pads or silicone toe protectors, can help prevent friction and alleviate pressure on sensitive areas of the feet. Adequate rest and recovery periods are essential to allow the feet to heal and prevent overuse injuries.
It is also important for ballet dancers to moisturize their feet regularly. Dry and cracked skin can lead to discomfort and potential injuries. Applying foot cream or lotion and wearing breathable footwear can help keep the feet supple and healthy.
By incorporating exercises and stretches to develop strength and flexibility and adopting proper care and maintenance practices, ballet dancers can effectively prepare their feet for the demands of pointe work. Taking these precautions not only helps prevent injuries but also ensures the dancer’s ability to perform with grace and precision on pointe.
Techniques used to stand en pointe
A. Alignment and posture adjustments
When it comes to standing en pointe, proper alignment and posture are crucial. Ballet dancers must make specific adjustments to ensure they maintain a stable and balanced position while on their toes.
To achieve proper alignment, dancers must focus on stacking their bones correctly. The ankle joint should be directly above the metatarsal joints, with the weight evenly distributed over the three front toes. This alignment helps to alleviate excessive strain on the feet and ankles.
Dancers also need to maintain a neutral spine and engage their core muscles for stability. This involves lengthening the torso upwards and leading with the crown of the head. The shoulders should be relaxed and aligned with the hips. Correct alignment not only allows for better balance but also helps prevent injuries caused by incorrect weight distribution.
B. Activation of specific muscles to achieve stability and balance
While proper alignment lays the foundation for standing en pointe, ballet dancers must also activate specific muscles to achieve stability and balance. Two key muscle groups are particularly important in this aspect: the intrinsic foot muscles and the lower leg muscles.
The intrinsic foot muscles are responsible for maintaining the arch of the foot. By consciously strengthening and activating these muscles, dancers can better support their body weight on the tips of their toes. Exercises such as relevés and toe curls help strengthen these muscles and improve their control.
The lower leg muscles, including the calves and the muscles along the shin, play a vital role in maintaining balance and controlling the foot position. These muscles help stabilize the ankle joint and provide the necessary strength for the dancer to rise and maintain an en pointe position. Strengthening these muscles through exercises like calf raises and ankle rotations is essential for pointe work.
In addition to these specific muscle activations, ballet dancers must also focus on the correct use of the demi-pointe. The demi-pointe acts as a transitional position between flat feet and full pointe. By practicing relevés and exercises that involve controlled rises to demi-pointe, dancers can better understand the mechanics of their feet and ankles and develop the necessary strength for pointe work.
By understanding and implementing these techniques, ballet dancers can achieve the stability and balance required to stand en pointe. Through consistent practice and proper muscle activation, dancers can refine their technique and execute graceful movements while on their toes.
The role of the core and upper body in pointe technique
Maintaining stability and balance through core engagement
One essential aspect of pointe technique that is often overlooked is the role of the core and upper body in maintaining stability and balance. While much emphasis is placed on the strength and control of the feet and ankles, the core muscles play a crucial role in supporting the dancer’s body weight while en pointe.
To achieve stability, ballet dancers must engage their core muscles, including the deep abdominal muscles and the muscles of the back, to maintain a strong and upright posture. These muscles help to align the spine and pelvis, providing a solid foundation for the rest of the body.
By actively engaging the core, ballet dancers can create a stable and balanced platform on which to stand en pointe. This engagement also helps to prevent excessive leaning forward or backward, which can throw off balance and increase the risk of injury.
Coordination with the upper body to create fluid movement
In addition to providing stability, the core and upper body also contribute to the overall grace and fluidity of movement in pointe technique. As the feet and ankles execute intricate steps and transitions, the upper body should move in harmony to create a seamless and aesthetically pleasing performance.
Ballet dancers must develop a keen sense of body awareness to coordinate the movements of their limbs with the upper body. This involves maintaining proper alignment and posture, as well as using the arms and upper back to enhance the overall expression and storytelling of the dance.
By integrating the movements of the core and upper body, ballet dancers can achieve a sense of dynamic energy and expressiveness in their pointe work. Whether it’s a delicate balance or a powerful leap, the coordination of the entire body contributes to the artistry and beauty of the performance.
Aspiring ballet dancers should recognize the importance of developing core strength and fluid movement in their training for pointe technique. By understanding and actively engaging the muscles of the core and upper body, dancers can enhance their stability and grace, leading to more successful and captivating pointe work.
In conclusion, the role of the core and upper body in pointe technique cannot be underestimated. From providing stability and balance to creating fluid movement and expression, these aspects are essential in the overall execution of pointe work. Aspiring ballet dancers should dedicate time and effort to strengthening their core and integrating the movements of their upper body to enhance their performance on pointe.
X. The role of the mind in pointe technique
Pointe technique in ballet not only requires physical strength and technical skill, but also mental focus and visualization. The dancer’s mind plays an integral role in achieving and maintaining the delicate balance and stability required for dancing en pointe.
A. Visualization and mental focus during pointe work
Before a ballet dancer even steps onto pointe, they must visualize themselves executing the movements with precision and grace. Visualization allows dancers to mentally prepare themselves, envisioning the correct alignment, posture, and movement patterns. By rehearsing the steps in their mind, dancers can enhance their muscle memory and refine their technique.
Mental focus is crucial during pointe work, as it helps dancers remain present and attentive to the intricacies of balance and weight distribution. By concentrating on the placement of their feet, the alignment of their body, and the engagement of their muscles, dancers can make micro-adjustments to maintain their stability and prevent injury.
B. Overcoming fear and building confidence on pointe
Dancing en pointe can be daunting, and fear is a common hurdle that ballet dancers must overcome. The dancer’s mind plays a critical role in managing and conquering this fear. Positive self-talk and belief in one’s abilities are key in building confidence on pointe. By reminding themselves of their training, strength, and technique, dancers can trust in their own capabilities.
Mental fortitude is also required to endure the physical discomfort that comes with dancing en pointe. The ability to push through pain and persevere is often a testament to the dancer’s mental resilience. By channeling their focus and maintaining mental strength, dancers can continue to execute the movements with poise and elegance.
Overall, the mind of a ballet dancer is a powerful tool in the execution of pointe technique. Through visualization, mental focus, and a strong mindset, dancers are able to overcome challenges and perform with precision and confidence on their toes.
Common Mistakes and Pitfalls to Avoid
Incorrect weight placement and balance issues
Dancing en pointe requires a delicate balance between the dancer’s body weight and the support provided by the toes. One common mistake that ballet dancers make is placing too much weight onto the toes, which can lead to instability and potential injuries. Proper weight placement involves distributing the weight evenly across the toes, allowing the joints to align and support the body.
Another challenge dancers face is maintaining balance while on pointe. It is essential to find the correct alignment between the body and the pointe shoes. Incorrect alignment, such as leaning forward or backward, can cause the dancer to lose their balance and fall off pointe. Building core strength and awareness of the body’s alignment is crucial to avoid these balance issues.
Overuse injuries and the importance of rest and recovery
Dancing en pointe puts a significant amount of stress on the feet and ankles, making overuse injuries a common pitfall for ballet dancers. Injuries such as stress fractures, tendonitis, and sprained ankles can occur if dancers do not allow their bodies sufficient time to rest and recover.
One mistake dancers often make is pushing through pain and disregarding warning signs from their bodies. It is crucial for ballet dancers to listen to their bodies and take breaks when needed. Resting and recovering adequately can prevent long-term injuries and keep dancers in optimal physical condition.
Additionally, proper warm-up and cool-down routines are essential in preventing overuse injuries. Prior to dancing en pointe, it is important to warm up the feet and ankles through dynamic stretches and exercises. Cooling down after pointe work with static stretches can help alleviate muscle tension and reduce the risk of injury.
In conclusion, avoiding common mistakes and pitfalls is vital for ballet dancers striving to perfect their pointe technique. Correct weight placement and balance are crucial for stability and proper alignment. Furthermore, recognizing the importance of rest and recovery can prevent overuse injuries and contribute to the longevity of a dancer’s career. By being mindful of these aspects, ballet dancers can continue to improve and progress on their pointe journey.
XThe ongoing process of perfecting pointe technique
A. Continued training and strengthening of the feet and ankles
Perfecting pointe technique is a lifelong journey for ballet dancers. Even after achieving the ability to dance en pointe, dancers must continue to train and strengthen their feet and ankles to maintain and improve their technique. The feet and ankles are subjected to significant stress and strain during pointe work, and ongoing training is essential for preventing injuries and maintaining optimal performance.
To continue developing strength in the feet and ankles, ballet dancers engage in specific exercises targeting these areas. These exercises often focus on improving the stability and control of the muscles in the feet and ankles. Strengthening exercises may include toe curls, relevés, theraband exercises, and various forms of resistance training.
Additionally, dancers may incorporate exercises that help to improve the flexibility of the feet and ankles. Stretching exercises such as the foot stretch, ankle circles, and arch stretches can be beneficial for maintaining and improving the range of motion required for pointe work.
B. Advancing to more complex movements and variations on pointe
As ballet dancers progress in their pointe training, they gradually advance to more complex movements and variations. Once the fundamental technique is mastered, dancers can explore different aspects of pointe work such as turns, jumps, and intricate footwork.
Dancers may learn variations from famous ballets that require advanced technical skills and artistry. For example, the famous Grand pas de deux from Swan Lake showcases challenging pointe work, including multiple turns and challenging footwork. Ballet dancers aspire to perform these variations with precision and grace, showcasing the culmination of their training and dedication.
Continued training in different styles and techniques is also crucial for the development of a well-rounded pointe dancer. Exploring ballet variations from different eras and choreographers allows dancers to expand their technical skills and artistic range.
In conclusion, perfecting pointe technique is an ongoing process that requires dedication, discipline, and continuous training. Ballet dancers must prioritize the strengthening and conditioning of their feet and ankles to maintain optimal performance and prevent injuries. As dancers progress, they also strive to advance to more complex movements and variations, demonstrating their technical prowess and artistic expression. The journey of perfecting pointe technique is a testament to the dedication and passion of ballet dancers, and it is through this ongoing process that they continue to push the boundaries of their artistry and bring the beauty of ballet en pointe to life. Aspiring ballet dancers should embrace this journey and be inspired to pursue their own pointe technique with perseverance and determination.
Conclusion
A. Recap of the importance and complexity of pointe technique
In the enchanting world of ballet, the artistry and skill of dancing en pointe have captivated audiences for centuries. Pointe technique, with its ethereal beauty and extraordinary demands, is a pinnacle achievement for ballet dancers. Throughout this article, we have delved into the various aspects of pointe technique, from its origins and evolution, to the anatomical considerations, proper training, and the role of equipment and mental focus.
The allure of pointe work lies in its ability to create the illusion of weightlessness and grace. It requires a unique combination of strength, flexibility, and control that only a dedicated ballet dancer can attain. The correct execution of pointe technique relies on the dancer’s ability to align their body properly, engage specific muscles, and maintain balance and stability on the tips of their toes.
B. Encouragement for aspiring ballet dancers in their pointe journey
For aspiring ballet dancers, embarking on the journey of pointe work can be both exciting and daunting. It is crucial to remember that pointe technique is a gradual process, requiring years of training, discipline, and perseverance. Building a solid foundation through early training and foundational exercises is essential for safely progressing to dancing en pointe.
It is important to approach pointe work with caution and prioritize proper technique over speed or achievement. Incorrect technique can lead to serious injuries, such as stress fractures or sprained ankles. Therefore, aspiring ballet dancers must always work under the guidance of qualified teachers who can provide appropriate instruction and monitor their progress.
Additionally, caring for the feet is of paramount importance. Dancers should regularly perform exercises and stretches to strengthen the feet and ankles, as well as take measures to maintain their overall foot health.
In conclusion, the journey of perfecting pointe technique is an ongoing and lifelong pursuit. It requires not only physical strength and technical proficiency but also an artistic sensibility to express emotions and tell stories through dance. Aspiring ballet dancers should remain committed, patient, and diligent in their pursuit of pointe technique, knowing that the rewards of dancing en pointe are immeasurable. With proper training, determination, and a love for the art, the enigma of pointe technique can be decoded, allowing ballet dancers to soar and defy gravity on their toes.