Music has been an integral part of human culture for centuries, captivating and evoking emotions in us unlike any other form of art. From classical compositions to contemporary pop hits, the beauty of music lies in its ability to connect with us on a deep, almost spiritual level. At the core of every melody and harmony lies a chord progression, the backbone that supports and shapes the musical landscape. But have you ever wondered just how many chord progressions exist? The answer might surprise you, as the possibilities are seemingly infinite, unveiling a world of melodic potential waiting to be explored.
Exploring the infinite melodic possibilities of chord progressions not only opens up new avenues of creativity for musicians, but also sheds light on the magic behind our favorite songs. Whether you’re a seasoned musician or simply a music enthusiast, understanding chord progressions can deepen our appreciation for the intricate layers within the melodies we adore. So, join us as we embark on a journey to uncover the hidden realm of chord progressions and discover the vast repertoire of melodic expressions that reside within.
## What is a chord progression?
A chord progression is a series of chords played in a specific order, often used as the foundation for creating music. It is the arrangement of chords that gives a song its harmonic structure and emotional quality. Chord progressions are essential in various genres of music, including classical, jazz, pop, and rock, as they help establish the tonality and provide a framework for melodies and harmonies.
Chord progressions are typically constructed using a combination of primary chords, which are the basic building blocks of harmonies. The most commonly used primary chords are the I, IV, and V chords, which are based on the major scale. For example, in the key of C major, the I chord is C, the IV chord is F, and the V chord is G. These three chords can form a simple and commonly used progression known as the I-IV-V progression.
Chord progressions are also influenced by the relationship between chords and scales. Scales provide a pool of notes from which chords are constructed. Major and minor scales are the most widely used in Western music, and chords are typically built on the notes of these scales. The specific combination of notes in a scale determines the quality of the chords and the emotional atmosphere they evoke. For example, major chords often create a sense of brightness and joy, while minor chords tend to convey a mood of melancholy or sadness.
Understanding the concept of melodic possibilities is essential when exploring chord progressions. Melodic possibilities refer to the infinite number of melodies that can be created using different chord progressions. Chord progressions provide a harmonic framework for melodies to be built upon. The choice of chords greatly influences the melodies that can be derived from them. Different chords evoke different emotions and moods, which can inspire unique and memorable melodies.
By experimenting with different chord progressions, musicians can create a diverse range of melodic possibilities. Simple chord progressions, such as the I-IV-V progression, have been extensively used in countless popular songs across genres. These progressions serve as a starting point for songwriting and can be customized and embellished with additional chords and variations.
In the next section, we will explore how chord progressions can be expanded using chord extensions, inversions, and modulations, allowing for even more melodic possibilities. We will also delve into unconventional chord progressions that challenge traditional musical boundaries and examine common techniques utilized by famous artists to generate unique chord progressions.
The basics of chords and scales
A. Explanation of chords and scales relationship
Chords and scales are fundamental elements in music theory. A chord is a combination of three or more notes played together, creating a harmonious sound. On the other hand, a scale is a series of musical notes arranged in ascending or descending order. Chords and scales are closely related because chords are derived from scales.
In Western music, the most common scale is the major scale, which consists of seven notes. Each note of the major scale can be used as the foundation for building chords. For example, if we take the C major scale (C, D, E, F, G, A, B), we can build three major chords by using the first, fourth, and fifth notes of the scale. These chords are called the I, IV, and V chords respectively. In this case, the C major chord (C, E, G) is the I chord, the F major chord (F, A, C) is the IV chord, and the G major chord (G, B, D) is the V chord.
B. Types of chords commonly used in chord progressions
There are several types of chords commonly used in chord progressions. Some of the most frequently used chords include major chords, minor chords, and dominant chords.
Major chords have a bright and uplifting sound and are often associated with happy and stable musical passages. They are constructed by combining the first, third, and fifth notes of a major scale. For example, the C major chord consists of C, E, and G.
Minor chords, on the other hand, have a more somber and melancholic sound. They are built by combining the first, flattened third, and fifth notes of a major scale. For instance, the A minor chord is composed of A, C, and E.
Dominant chords add tension and a sense of resolution to a chord progression. They are constructed by combining the first, third, fifth, and flattened seventh notes of a major scale. The G dominant seventh chord (G7) consists of G, B, D, and F.
These are just a few examples of the many types of chords used in music. Understanding the relationship between chords and scales is crucial in creating compelling and harmonically rich chord progressions.
In the next section, we will explore how chord progressions influence melodic creation and open up a world of infinite possibilities for musicians.
Understanding the concept of melodic possibilities
Understanding the concept of melodic possibilities
A. Definition of melodic possibilities
Melodic possibilities refer to the infinite number of melodies that can be created using different combinations and variations of chord progressions. A melody is a series of musical notes played in succession, creating a memorable and distinct musical line. Chord progressions, on the other hand, are a sequence of chords that provide the harmonic foundation for a song or piece of music. The combination of these elements opens up a world of creative possibilities for musicians.
B. How chord progressions influence melodic creation
Chord progressions play a crucial role in shaping the melodic possibilities within a piece of music. The choice of chords determines the harmonic structure and tonal center of a song, creating a framework for melodies to be built upon. Different chord progressions evoke different emotions and moods, which can greatly influence the direction and character of a melody.
For example, a simple chord progression like I-IV-V (root chord, fourth chord, and fifth chord of a major scale) is commonly used in many popular songs. This progression provides a strong and stable foundation, allowing melodies to flow naturally within its tonal structure. On the other hand, more complex chord progressions with added extensions, inversions, or modulations can create a more intricate and unique musical landscape, presenting a wide range of melodic possibilities.
The relationship between chord progressions and melodies is symbiotic. While chord progressions provide the harmonic structure, melodies bring life and emotion to the music. Melodies are often crafted by emphasizing certain notes within the chords or by using passing tones and ornamentation. They can be simple and repetitive or intricate and complex, depending on the desired musical effect.
Musicians can leverage the melodic possibilities within chord progressions to create memorable and captivating compositions. Famous songs like “Yesterday” by The Beatles or “Imagine” by John Lennon showcase the innovative melodic ideas that can be derived from chord progressions. These melodies become intricately woven into the fabric of the music, resonating with listeners and leaving a lasting impact.
In conclusion, an understanding of melodic possibilities is essential for musicians looking to explore the creative potential of chord progressions. By experimenting with different chord progressions, musicians can tap into a vast world of melodic ideas, opening up endless possibilities for musical expression.
Simple chord progressions: exploring the known possibilities
A. Explanation of common chord progressions (e.g., I-IV-V)
In this section, we will delve into the realm of simple chord progressions and explore the known possibilities within them. A chord progression is a sequence of chords played in a specific order that forms the harmonic foundation of a piece of music. It provides structure and direction to the composition, creating the backbone on which melodies and harmonies can be built.
One example of a common chord progression is the I-IV-V progression. This progression refers to the chords built on the first, fourth, and fifth degrees of a given key. For instance, in the key of C major, the I-IV-V progression would consist of the chords C, F, and G. This progression is widely used in various musical genres and has been the foundation for countless popular songs.
B. Examples of popular songs utilizing simple chord progressions
Many well-known songs have utilized simple chord progressions to create memorable and catchy melodies. One such example is “Let It Be” by The Beatles, which follows a I-IV-V progression in the key of C major. The chords used in this song are C, G, Am, and F – a classic example of the versatility and effectiveness of simple chord progressions.
Another famous song that employs a simple chord progression is “Hey Jude” by The Beatles. This song also uses the I-IV-V progression but in a different key – F major. The chords used in this case are F, C, and B♭. The straightforward yet powerful combination of these chords allows for the creation of a timeless melody that resonates with audiences to this day.
These examples demonstrate the endless possibilities within simple chord progressions. Despite their simplicity, these progressions can serve as a solid foundation for crafting captivating melodies and harmonies. The use of familiar progressions in popular songs not only adds to their appeal but also provides inspiration for aspiring songwriters and musicians to explore their creative potential.
Exploring the vast array of simple chord progressions is a valuable exercise for musicians of all levels. By studying the chord progressions used in famous songs and understanding their impact on melody creation, musicians can expand their toolbox of musical ideas and develop their unique sound. In the next section, we will explore how chord progressions can be expanded and enriched through the use of chord extensions.
Expanding chord progressions with extensions
A. Definition and explanation of chord extensions
Chord extensions are additional notes that can be added to basic triads to create more complex and sophisticated chord progressions. These extensions go beyond the traditional root, third, and fifth notes of a chord and include notes such as the seventh, ninth, eleventh, and thirteenth. By incorporating these extensions, musicians can expand the harmonies within their chord progressions, adding depth and richness to their compositions.
Chord extensions allow for greater creative expression and enable musicians to explore a wider range of melodic possibilities. For example, adding a seventh to a basic triad can create a more jazzy or bluesy sound, while incorporating ninths or elevenths can introduce a sense of tension and release within a chord progression.
B. How chord extensions contribute to an increased number of chord progressions
By including chord extensions, the number of possible chord progressions increases exponentially. Each additional note provides a unique harmonic color and alters the overall feel and mood of the chord progression. This allows musicians to create countless variations and explore different tonalities within their compositions.
For example, a simple I-IV-V chord progression (e.g., C-F-G) can be extended to include seventh chords, creating a more sophisticated sound (e.g., Cmaj7-Fmaj7-G7). Further extensions such as ninth chords (e.g., Cmaj9-Fmaj9-G9) or added sixth chords (e.g., C6-F6-G6) can be added to create even more complex and interesting progressions.
By expanding chord progressions with extensions, musicians are able to inject their own unique style and musicality into their compositions. This not only adds complexity and depth to the music but also opens up endless melodic possibilities for exploration and innovation.
In conclusion, chord extensions offer a way for musicians to expand their chord progressions and unlock a vast array of melodic possibilities. By incorporating additional notes beyond the basic triads, musicians can create more complex and sophisticated harmonies, allowing for greater creative expression and unique musical ideas. The inclusion of chord extensions contributes to the infinite number of chord progressions available to composers and performers, enabling them to push the boundaries of traditional harmonic structures and create truly original and captivating music.
VThe Impact of Inversions on Chord Progressions
Definition and Explanation of Chord Inversions
In music theory, a chord inversion refers to the reordering or rearranging of the notes of a chord. Instead of playing the root note as the lowest pitch, an inversion involves playing one of the other chord tones as the lowest note. For example, in a C major chord (C-E-G), the traditional root position has the C note as the lowest pitch. However, in the first inversion of a C major chord (E-G-C), the third interval (E) becomes the lowest note, while the other two notes are rearranged accordingly.
Inversions add a new dimension to chord progressions by altering the order and voicing of the chords. By changing the lowest note, inversions provide a fresh perspective to the listener’s ear and add depth and complexity to the overall sound.
How Chord Inversions Add Diversity to Chord Progressions
Chord inversions play a crucial role in creating variety within chord progressions. When chords are played in their root position throughout a song, it can lead to a monotonous and predictable sound. However, by incorporating inversions, musicians can break away from this predictability and inject more musical interest.
Inversions create the opportunity for smooth voice leading, allowing chord progressions to flow more naturally. By choosing inversions strategically, musicians can create seamless transitions between chords, eliminating awkward leaps and creating a smooth melodic line. This technique is commonly seen in classical music and jazz, where inversions are used to create intricate and harmonically rich progressions.
Additionally, inversions allow musicians to highlight specific chord tones and alter the overall sound and mood of a chord progression. For example, using a first inversion for a major chord can create a lighter and more uplifting quality, while a second inversion can add a sense of tension or instability. By consciously choosing inversions, composers and songwriters have greater control over the emotional impact of their music.
The use of inversions is prevalent in various genres, from pop to rock to classical. Many iconic songs heavily rely on inversions to craft memorable chord progressions that captivate the listener. Examples include The Beatles’ “Let It Be,” where the use of inversions in the chorus adds a sense of resolution and uplift; and Coldplay’s “Clocks,” which employs inversions to create intriguing harmonies that enhance the overall atmosphere of the song.
In conclusion, chord inversions offer a creative tool for musicians to diversify their chord progressions. By rearranging the order and voicing of chords, inversions add richness, complexity, and emotional depth to the music. Whether employed subtly or prominently, inversions are a valuable resource that expands the melodic possibilities within chord progressions.
VIModulations: Exploring New Musical Territories
Introduction
Modulation is a fundamental concept in music that allows musicians to explore new musical territories and expand their creative horizons. In this section, we will explore the definition and explanation of modulations and how they introduce new chord progressions and melodic possibilities.
Definition and Explanation of Modulations
Modulations refer to the process of changing the key or tonal center within a piece of music. They allow musicians to shift to a different set of chords and scales, creating a sense of movement and progression. Modulations can occur within a single section of a song or throughout an entire composition.
Modulations are used to add variety and interest to music, preventing it from becoming monotonous. They can evoke different emotions and moods, and create dramatic moments in a musical piece. By changing the key, modulations can bring a refreshing change to the listener’s ears and offer a new perspective on the melody and harmonies.
How Modulations Introduce New Chord Progressions and Melodic Possibilities
When a modulation occurs, the previous chord progression is replaced with a new one in the new key. This opens up a whole new set of melodic possibilities as different chords and scales are now available for the musician to explore.
Modulations can be achieved through various techniques, such as pivot chords, where a chord is common to both the original key and the new key, or through chromatic alterations. The choice of modulation technique depends on the desired musical effect and the emotional impact the musician wants to convey.
By introducing a modulation, musicians can take their listeners on a journey, creating anticipation and excitement as they explore new harmonies and melodies. Modulations can add complexity and depth to a composition, elevating it to new heights and showcasing the creative abilities of the musician.
In famous songs like “Bohemian Rhapsody” by Queen or “Hey Jude” by The Beatles, modulations are used to great effect, enhancing the emotional impact of the music and making it unforgettable. These songs showcase the vast melodic possibilities that can be achieved through modulations and how they can elevate the overall musical experience.
Exploring modulations allows musicians to break free from the constraints of a single key and open doors to infinite melodic possibilities. By utilizing this powerful technique, musicians can take their music to new heights and create truly unique and captivating compositions. So, embrace the world of modulations and discover the endless musical territories that await you.
Exploring unconventional chord progressions
A. Examples of unique and experimental chord progressions
In the world of music, there exists a vast assortment of chord progressions that defy traditional norms and challenge the boundaries of conventional music composition. These unconventional chord progressions open up new and unexplored musical territories, pushing the limits of creativity and innovation. Here are a few examples of unique and experimental chord progressions that have made their mark in various genres.
One such unconventional chord progression can be found in Radiohead’s iconic song “Paranoid Android.” The song features a progression that moves from A major to G major, then to F major, and finally resolves to C major. This unexpected and non-linear movement creates an unsettling and intriguing atmosphere, perfectly matching the song’s introspective and contemplative lyrics.
Another example comes from the jazz realm, with John Coltrane’s composition “Giant Steps.” This composition features a chord progression that cycles through a series of major thirds. This constant shifting of tonal centers creates a feeling of constant movement and tension, making it a challenging piece for musicians to navigate.
B. How these unconventional progressions challenge traditional musical boundaries
Unconventional chord progressions challenge traditional musical boundaries by breaking away from predictable and established norms. They strive to create something fresh and unique, offering a departure from the ordinary and expected. By traversing uncharted territory in music, these progressions push the boundaries of harmonic exploration and challenge the listeners’ expectations.
These unconventional progressions also encourage musicians and composers to think outside the box and experiment with different tonalities and combinations. They broaden the palette of musical options available, allowing for the creation of groundbreaking and innovative compositions. This approach pushes the boundaries of what is considered “acceptable” and encourages artistic freedom and expression.
As listeners, experiencing unconventional chord progressions can be a refreshing and invigorating experience. These progressions introduce us to unfamiliar sounds and dissonances, expanding our musical horizons and challenging our perception of what is considered “normal” or “acceptable” in music. They invite us to explore new musical possibilities and appreciate the infinite potential for creativity within chord progressions.
In conclusion, unconventional chord progressions are a testament to the boundless nature of music and the human imagination. They provide artists and listeners alike with opportunities to break free from traditional constraints and explore uncharted musical territories. By challenging the limits of what is considered “normal,” these progressions pave the way for new and exciting musical possibilities. So, embrace the unconventional, and let the power of unique chord progressions propel you into a world of endless creative potential.
Utilizing common techniques to create new chord progressions
A. Explanation of common techniques used to generate unique chord progressions
In order to expand the repertoire of chord progressions and unlock new melodic possibilities, musicians often employ various techniques to create unique chord progressions. These techniques involve manipulating the order, timing, and structure of chords to create a fresh and innovative sound.
One common technique used to generate new chord progressions is chord substitution. This involves replacing one or more chords within a progression with alternative chords that offer a different harmonic flavor. For example, instead of using a standard major chord, a musician can substitute it with a minor chord or a seventh chord, adding a touch of tension or dissonance to the progression. Chord substitution can significantly alter the mood and atmosphere of a piece and open up endless creative possibilities.
Another technique used to create unique chord progressions is chord modulation. This technique involves transitioning from one key to another smoothly by introducing a new set of chords. Modulation adds complexity and variety to chord progressions, allowing musicians to explore new musical territories. By shifting to a different key, a musician can create a sense of tension and release, adding interest and unpredictability to the progression.
B. Examples of famous songs that use these techniques
Many famous songs have showcased the use of these techniques to create memorable and innovative chord progressions. One notable example is The Beatles’ “Let It Be,” which utilizes chord substitution to add color and depth to the progression. The substitution of the standard D major chord with a D major seventh chord in the verse gives the progression a more melancholic and introspective feel. This simple chord substitution contributes to the emotional impact of the song.
Another example is Stevie Wonder’s “Superstition,” which features chord modulation to create an energetic and dynamic progression. The song uses a classic funk riff in the key of E minor, but during the chorus, it modulates up a whole step to F# minor, introducing a new set of chords that adds intensity and excitement to the progression. The modulation in “Superstition” showcases how this technique can elevate a song and amplify its impact.
By utilizing these common techniques, musicians can explore infinite melodic possibilities within chord progressions. Chord substitution and modulation are just two of the many tools available to musicians seeking to create unique and captivating chord progressions. By experimenting with these techniques and incorporating them into their own musical compositions, artists can push the boundaries of traditional chord progressions and unlock a world of endless creativity.
The Mathematical Calculation of Chord Progression Possibilities
In the world of music, chord progressions are the building blocks that form the foundation of a melody. They are the sequence of chords played in a specific order, creating harmony and providing a structure for a song. Chord progressions play a crucial role in the overall composition of a piece, and they have a significant impact on the emotions and feelings conveyed by the music.
Chord progressions are not arbitrary; they follow certain rules and patterns. Understanding these patterns is essential for musicians and songwriters to create captivating and memorable melodies. But have you ever wondered just how many chord progressions exist? The answer may surprise you.
To comprehend the vastness of chord progression possibilities, we can turn to mathematics. While it may seem unconventional to apply mathematical analysis to music, it provides a unique perspective and sheds light on the infinite melodic possibilities that chord progressions offer.
Mathematics can be employed to calculate the number of chord progressions. By considering the number of chords available and the number of positions each chord can occupy in a progression, we can determine the total combinations.
The calculation of chord progression possibilities may seem daunting, but it is an intriguing endeavor. When you consider the numerous types of chords, the variety of scales they can be derived from, and the different ways they can be sequenced, it becomes evident that the number of chord progressions is virtually limitless.
This mathematical analysis highlights the immense creativity and potential within chord progressions. It encourages musicians to explore beyond the well-known progressions and venture into uncharted musical territories. The possibilities are truly endless, waiting to be discovered and utilized in innovative ways.
By understanding the mathematical side of chord progressions, musicians can gain a deeper appreciation for the art and science of music composition. It emphasizes the intricate relationships between chords and melodies, and how they work together to create the unique soundscapes we love.
So, the next time you find yourself experimenting with chord progressions or creating a new melody, remember the mathematical calculations behind the scenes. Embrace the vast array of possibilities and let the infinite melodic potential of chord progressions inspire you to create something truly remarkable.
Infinite Melodic Possibilities: The Relationship Between Chord Progressions and Melodies
A. How Chord Progressions Can Inspire Melodies
Chord progressions play a crucial role in music creation, providing the foundation upon which melodies are built. The relationship between chord progressions and melodies is intricate, with the former often serving as inspiration for the latter. When crafting a melody, composers draw upon the harmonies offered by chord progressions to create captivating musical lines.
Melodies are often based on the individual chords present within a progression. Each chord has its own unique sound and emotional quality, and composers can capitalize on this by carefully selecting which notes to emphasize within each chord. By doing so, they create melodic motifs that not only complement the chord progression but also add depth and interest to the overall musical composition.
Numerous famous songs throughout history exemplify the profound impact chord progressions can have on melodies. One such example is the Beatles’ iconic song “While My Guitar Gently Weeps.” The chord progression in this song, which mainly revolves around the chords C, A minor, E minor, and G, serves as the catalyst for the memorable guitar melody that George Harrison plays. The beauty of this melody lies in its ability to blend seamlessly with the harmonic framework provided by the chord progression, resulting in a truly harmonious and captivating musical experience.
B. Examples of Famous Songs Showcasing Innovative Melodic Ideas Derived from Chord Progressions
Countless songs in various genres showcase the infinite melodic possibilities that stem from chord progressions. One notable example is John Coltrane’s “Giant Steps,” a jazz composition that explores complex chord progressions. The intricate and fast-paced melody played by Coltrane on the saxophone not only complements the challenging chord changes but also accentuates them, creating a harmonically rich and melodically striking piece.
Another famous song that exemplifies the relationship between chord progressions and melodies is Eric Clapton’s “Tears in Heaven.” The progression in this song, primarily centered around the chords A major, E major, F# minor, and D major, provides the foundation for the heart-wrenching and poignant melody. By utilizing the emotional qualities of each chord, Clapton crafts a melody that resonates deeply with the listeners, conveying the raw emotions expressed in the lyrics.
In conclusion, chord progressions serve as an endless source of inspiration for melodic creation. Composers and musicians alike utilize the harmonic framework provided by chord progressions to craft compelling and memorable melodies. By carefully selecting and emphasizing specific notes within each chord, they create melodic motifs that enhance and enrich the overall musical composition. Through famous songs like “While My Guitar Gently Weeps,” “Giant Steps,” and “Tears in Heaven,” we witness the profound impact chord progressions have on melodies, showcasing the vast melodic possibilities that arise from understanding this relationship. As musicians, it is essential to explore and embrace the infinity of melodic ideas that chord progressions offer.
Conclusion
A. Recap of key points discussed in the article
In this article, we have explored the fascinating world of chord progressions and the infinite melodic possibilities they offer. We began by defining chord progressions and understanding their significance in music creation. Chord progressions serve as the foundation of a musical piece, providing structure and harmony.
We then delved into the basics of chords and scales, understanding their relationship and the types of chords commonly used in chord progressions. Chords and scales work together to create melodies and harmonies that are pleasing to the ear.
The concept of melodic possibilities was also explored, highlighting how chord progressions influence melodic creation. Chord progressions provide a framework for melodies to soar and add depth and emotion to a musical piece.
Simple chord progressions were examined, showcasing examples of popular songs that utilize common progressions such as the I-IV-These simple progressions have stood the test of time and continue to be the backbone of many beloved songs.
We then expanded our understanding of chord progressions with extensions. By incorporating additional notes and tones into chords, the number of possible chord progressions increases exponentially. This allows for greater experimentation and creativity in music composition.
Additionally, we explored the impact of inversions on chord progressions. Chord inversions add diversity and variation to progressions, offering new sonic possibilities and fresh perspectives.
Modulations were also discussed, introducing the idea of exploring new musical territories. Modulations allow for the introduction of new chord progressions and melodic possibilities, pushing the boundaries of traditional music.
Unconventional chord progressions were explored, showcasing examples of unique and experimental progressions that challenge the norm. These unconventional progressions offer exciting and innovative possibilities for musicians looking to break free from traditional structures.
We then discussed common techniques used to create new chord progressions and provided examples of famous songs that employ these techniques. These techniques serve as valuable tools for musicians seeking to craft their own unique progressions.
Furthermore, we discovered the mathematical calculation of chord progression possibilities. By applying mathematics, we gained insight into the sheer vastness of chord progression options available, opening up a world of endless creativity.
Lastly, we explored the relationship between chord progressions and melodies. Chord progressions can inspire melodies and create memorable hooks that stay with listeners long after the music stops. Famous songs were referenced as examples of innovative melodic ideas derived from chord progressions.
B. Encouragement to explore the endless melodic possibilities within chord progressions
In conclusion, chord progressions hold a multitude of possibilities and offer endless opportunities for musicians to create unique and captivating melodies. Whether you’re a seasoned composer or just beginning your musical journey, experimenting with chord progressions can lead to exciting and unexpected results. So, go forth and explore the infinite melodic possibilities that lie within chord progressions. Let your imagination run wild and create something truly remarkable. Happy composing!